History Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960’s

narration Matric nones. The Cuban missile Crisis. This was the most serious crisis between the ground forces and USSR in the history of the Cold fight. Cuba was a commie country only when 90 miles off the coast of ground forces. In October 1962 US spy planes identify thermo thermonuclear missile sites existence built in Cuba. Background Cuba tradition any(a)y had a peace satisfactory relationship with the regular army. Batista who was president/dictator at the season was viewed as safeguard against fabianism by the USA, but when revolutionary Fidel Castro e realwherethrew him in 1959 they became suspicious. Castro introduced socialist reforms and started trade dialogues with the Soviet Union. At the height of the Cold state of war, the institution of a communist country so close to the United States was viewed with owing(p) alarm. They secretly started to plan to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. > Bay of Pigs In April 1961, with clientele from the CIA, an ar med force of Cuban throw outs, with supplies from Kennedy, invaded Cuba. This was a huge failure as Castros forces easily defeated the invaders, cleaning them or victorious them as pris matchless(a)rs. This affair was deeply embarrassing for the US as their involve work forcet in the incident had been domainly exposed, and also because it was so badly planned and executed.After this Castro offici each(prenominal)y decl bed he communist and turned increasingly towards the USSR for economic and diplomatic support. > What happened later this? To avoid anformer(a) US-backed invasion of Cuba and to co-operate with Krushev (USSR president), Castro hold to the construction of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The Americans watched this happen with great alarm and when the U2 spy plane flew over Cuba in 1962 showing that nuclear missiles were being built shit went down. What Kennedy Did. * aerate the American slew, informing them of the potential threat and what he intended to do arou nd it. The Americans axis vertebraked Cuba and stopped some(prenominal) ship suspected of carrying any arms. * The Soviets and Castro complained to the UN, saying the US was threatening world peace. * Kennedy threatened to invade Cuba and bow out the missiles by force. *The next 10 days were extremely tense as the world was only the brink of nuclear war. It was Krushev who broke the standoff and agreed to remove the missiles as long as the US agreed neer to invade Cuba again. The Cuban Missile Crisis whence ended and Kennedy became an instant hero to the West for his apparent tough approach The Outcome. ) Kennedy became a hero and gained a great re purgeation in the USA for standing up to the Soviet Union. Khrushev also became known in Soviet circles for being the peacemaker as he was willing to make the first compromise. 2) The relationship between the USA and USSR improved and a permanent hotline directly liked from the White contribute to the Kremlin was set up to avoid this eer happening again. A yr later they both signed the Nuclear Test Ban which circumscribed tests on nuclear weapons. 3) Cuba stayed Communist and highly armed. moreover the missiles were removed.Stuff to think about. > why did the Soviets locating nuclear missiles in Cuba? * They genuinely wanted to defend Cuba. * Khrushev was touch on about the missile gap between the USSR and USA and seized any prospect to submit missiles in closer range of the USA. * Khrushev wanted to test how strengthened the Americans really were. (Back off or Face up) * Khrushev wanted to use the missiles as a bargaining centre. Agree to remove them in return for some American concessions. > Did the Bay of Pigs incident contribute to /spark the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis? Key Terms.Cold War Started in 1945, after WW2, the Cold War was an ideological battle between capitalist democratic USA (West) and the communist authoritarian USSR (East). There were never any direct battles between each others soil arms race, space race. Both these countries influenced other countries. Containment This was the indemnity that was outlined the Truman Doctrine, in roll to prevent the spread of communism throughout the world based on the Domino Theory (when ace country fell to communism, others countries will follow) Statesmanship Usually a semipolitical attraction of a country who is espected for their actions or doing the right affaire for his county. Brinkmanship The use of pushing a dangerous situation or confrontation to the enclose of safety especially to force a desired outcome. courteous Rights work The 1960s was a decade of popular protest. The CRM in the US was a great e. g. of how effective popular mass protests could be. As a dissolvent there was less discrepancy against African Americans. Some activists felt that the CRM did non go far enough and the bleak precedent straw man then arose.At the same time women began to drive equal rights and their was a widespread foeman to the American war in Vietnam which led to protests by students for international peace. The obliging Rights Movement and threatening supply Movement in the USA. In the 1960s, African American do up 10% of the population. some(prenominal) of them did not lose the same political rights as ashen Americans as there was outrage and discrimination against them. This lead to the emergence of the CRM which used non-violent tactics to demand prime(prenominal) and end segregation. Others tho adopted the more violent and radical approaches of the BPM.The ready of African Americans in the 1960s Even though there was mount in the 1950s African Americans were still subjected to segregation and discrimination, especially in the southern states. For example in 1954 the US Supreme court rule that segregation in schools were illegal but most southern schools remained segregated. Although it was the policy of the US federal government to end segregation, it was not properly enforced. *However the was some success in the 50s Rosa set Montgomery Bus Boycott > This boycott issueed in the Supreme court outlawing the segregation of buses in 56.As a result of this the minister Martin Luther fagot emerged as the leader of the CRM. How did the CRM gain momentum in the 1960s? In 1960 dim students at a North Carolina university staged a sit-in at a lunch counter who refused to serve ominous customers. Their example was followed by 70000 other students who held similar protests in other segregated facilities. in brief thousands more bare and white students joined in a immense campaign of non-violence protest to demand for desegregated facilities. At the Lincoln Memorial in 1963, 250000 good deal from all religious amp ethnic backgrounds came together to demand wide of the mark racial equation.This crowd remained peaceful the entire time and listened to one of the most memor able-bodied speeches in history, the I have a inhalation sp eech by MLK. A stratum later was known as Freedom Summer where black and white complaisant campaigners from the more enceinte states went to Mississippi to open Freedom Schools. These schools taught basic literacy, black history and hard put black pride. But there was a violent reaction to all of this Freedom workers beaten and arrested. As a result of this the US telling passed the Civil Rights Act 64 barring segregation amp discrimination in employment in all public facilities.What was the sick Power Movement? The CRM was focused on ending segregation in the south, however their was a lot of segregation in the north. some black Americans living(a) in the north jilted the non violent approaches of the CRM and southern Christian lead Conference and turned to Black Power instead. Malcolm X argued that violence was infallible to tackle white racism and self-defence against groups like the KKK. He was faultfinding of world-beaters non-violent approach and verbalise that he held black people back. Malcolm promoted black time interval believing blacks needed to be self-reliant.As a result of the BPM black mayors were elected in 7 cities and programmes to improve trapping facilities were put in place. *Black Panthers were a militant group deep down BPM who precise willing to use violence. The Womens Movement During the 1950s women were expected to stay at home and paint a picture families. There were a limited number of careers women could choose from and their skills were oftentimes undermined by sexist attitudes and intimate harassment. Womens Movement in USA. * In the 60s womens attitude began to change. They were no longer willing to accept their inferior role in the work place. This new attitude was partially influenced by The maidenly Mystique Betty Friedan 63. Friedan argues that the American middle class home had become a homey concentration camp for women. * Friedan and others set up the National Organisation for women (NOW) who aim ed to raise the status of women and end discrimination. * Feminists used petitions, strikes and legal action to force employers into saltationn(p) women equal rights in the work force. > The Womens Movement in the US influenced many other women in other countries to take action such(prenominal) as Britain, Italy, Mexico and France.The Disarmament, Peace and Student Movements. A major concern in the 60s was that the Cold War would become hot and that a nuclear war would break out. aver works then emerged to ban nuclear weapons as nearly as Peace Movements who were against the drafting of spring chicken USA students into the Vietnam War. Disarmament Movement. After the USA had dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2 there was an extremely tense atmosphere as other countries started to develop nuclear weapons and the gap of a nuclear war was becoming an actual possibility.Also the environmental disablement caused by the nuclear tests was becoming a concern. In 1958 Britain formed the extend for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). The CND held a four day march in London and each other year this march attracted more and more people. Branches of the CND spread all over Britain and by the 1960s, anti-nuclear protests (Ban the Bomb) all over the world were support by hundreds of thousands of people. After the Cuban Missile Crisis US, USSR and Britain agreed to a ban on nuclear testing in the atmosphere, though not underground.After this DM got smaller as the threat of nuclear war was less immediate. When the US passed the nuclear non-proliferation Treaty in 68 the Disarmament movement was considered a victory and ended. Peace Movement. Was against the Vietnam War and emerged in American Universities and then spread to other sections of American society. muckle had started to question why America was spending so a great deal silver they were unable to win and it reminded when Europe colonised Asia. The Vietnam War was the first televised war pe ople saw the devastation and suffering the war was causing Vietnam.The US introduced conscription to raise troops to fight in Vietnam. Some men refused to go (draft dodgers) and many of them moved abroad. There were strikes and demonstration across all universities in America. The most serious protests occurred when President Nixon announced the US was extending the war to Cambodia in 1970. At Kent University in Ohio soldiers fired at student protestors killing four students. People were horrified, 400 universities closed and 2 cardinal students went on strike. Student Movements. Students questioned authority parents, education sy home, government and values of society. The young people who grew up in the 60s were known as the baby boomers and by the mid 60s most of them had begun enrolling in colleges and universities. Universities did not have the facilities to cope with so many students and many campuses became overcrowded. many an(prenominal) students were dissatisfied with t he education system and how the universities were run. The CRM triggered student awareness of the problems in their society. umteen of them joined the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Some students protested by drop out of society and becoming hippies. They rejected conformity and the materialism of society. siret trust anyone over 30 Make Love, not War. These protests were taking place all over the world and reached a peak in 1968. Key demands in these protests were greater participation by students in the decisions of the universities brass section and a transformation of the curriculum. They also included wider political and social demands such as less violence by government and protests against the communist bloc in Eastern Europe. Key Terms Civil Society Protest Forms of protest usually against laws or government policies thought to be inequitable interpreted by ordinary citizens of a country.Civil Rights Movement Protest movement started by MLK devoted to peacefu l and non-violent protest of civil disobedience against discrimination and segregation of black people in the USA and to gain full constitutional rights for all black citizens. Passive justification A study policy adopted to oppose policies or laws whereby opposition is conveyed in a deliberate non-violent fashion. SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference founded in 1957 by MLK which co-ordinated the fight for civil rights in the South for the black people of the USA.CORE The carnal knowledge for Racial Equality , founded in 1942 , campaigned for civil rights 50s 60s and is partially associated with the Freedom Riders , sit-ins and registering black voters in the South. Black Power This became the slogan of the more militant black movements in 66. It advocated black individuation based on black culture and black values. It argued for racial separation blacks should run their own society without white interference. Black Power rejected passive resistance and urged black people to fight back if attacked.Nation of Islam Black Muslims argued for the establishment of a separate black identity and rejected black/white integration. Disarmament Movement advocating that countries reduce their weapons spend less on the military and the removal or deactivation of nuclear weapons. Feminism jilted age-old patterns of discrimination against women and advocated that women have the same rights and privileges as men. ESSAY. PARTY. Civil Rights Movement vs. Black Power Movement During the 1950s and 1960s oppression in the black comm single of the United States of America was at its ultimate high.This disgustful oppression led to activists in the black lodge to finally babble out out and demand change. The 2 main political activists during this fight and compete for black comparison were Martin Luther King Jnr. and Malcolm X. Although essentially fighting for the same outcomes, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jnr. had genuinely different imaginationls and strategies in their fight for civil rights. Martin Luther King who is known for his peaceful protesting during the Civil Rights Movement was born in a middle class, comfortable home. He graduated school at 15 were he then went on to college to graduate with a Bachelor dot in Divinity.After his education he moved to Montgomery, Alabama where he became a Pastor. In 1955 King started the Civil Rights Movement to fight for the rights of oppressed Black Americans. The movement aimed to outlaw racial discrimination against African Americans and to grant them civil rights. King believed that through hard work, leadership and non -violent protest black Americans could fulfill equality. In Kings address in March 1963 to the people of Washington he said In the routine of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds.Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the shape of bitterness and hatred. This shows us that King salubriously believed in passive resistance and believed that black Americans must fight peacefully and without bitterness in order to gain equality. His ideals were shaped by his Christian corporate trust and the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, an ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little he changed his cognomen in rejection of slavery in America. Malcolm was born in a poor, divest family with his seven brothers and sisters.Three of Malcolms brothers were killed by white men, as well as his uncle and father who were killed by the Ku Klux Klan. Malcolm spent most of his childhood in promote care after his mother was admitted into a mental institution after her husband and sons deaths. After being told there was no such thing as a black lawyer Malcolm dropped out of school and became confused in stealing and drugs. He was eventually arrested and sent to prison house. During his seven year incarceration he converted to Islam and joined the Na tion of Islam.After he was released from prison he became the mouthsperson for the Nation of Islam and became one of its most powerful speakers attracting thousands of African-Americans. Malcolm X unlike Martin Luther King believed in fighting violence with violence, he was against all white people and was even considered by critics as a racist. Malcolm X was no doubt an extremist this can be shown from an extract of one his speeches to students in Mississippi in 1964 Dont try to be friends with somebody who is depriving you of your rights. They are not your friends. They are your enemies. Treat them like that.Fight and youll get your freedom. Malcolm believed in the saying separate but equal. This is known as Black Nationalism which was what Malcolm X strived for. He believed that the black man should be able to control the politics and politicians in his community. It is clear that Malcolm X and Martin Luther king had very different ideas and strategies in their fight for Civil Rights. Malcolm was an extremist, whilst King was a passive leader. King believed in a joint fight with white supporters of the Civil Rights Movement, whilst Malcolm believed in complete independence from any white people in the fight for Civil Rights.The key difference between these both political activists is that unlike Martin Luther King, Malcolm X believed that rather then integrate with white society, black Americans should control every aspect of the black community. These extreme differences undoubtedly stem from the deuce political activists child-hoods and asides. However, as different as these two were in terms of their styles of speaking and definition of equality, they both promoted black pride, power and unity and fought for the civil rights of all black Americans. BothMalcolm and King gave hope to their people during propagation of struggle and main aims were to instil power and arrogance to Black American in order to overcome the great prejudices they faced an d to bring equality and judge to the black community of America We can conclude that Martin Luther King Jnr. and Malcolm X were contrasting political activists fighting for the same causes. The oppression these two extremely different individuals faced in their lives led them to become the two main political activists in the same fight for black equality and civil rights in America in the 1960s.They shall always be remembered and praised for their component to equality of black people all over the world. The Truth and atonement Commission The TRC was a court-likerestorative justicebody assembled inSouth Africaafter the end ofapartheid. Witnesses who were identified as victims of gross human rights violations were invited to give statements about their experiences some were selected for public hearings. Perpetrators of violence could also give attestation and request oblivion from both civil and criminal prosecution. -gt Why was the TRC put in place? After 1994 when South Africa became a democratic country, it was determined that a process of healing and reconciliation should be embarked upon. There were two viewpoints, one from the ANC, which called for hearings to be held that would demote the fair play about the past, while on the other hand the National Party wanted a full general free discharge for all apartheid crimes. In light of this it was finally agreed that a Truth and Reconciliation Commission be established. They came to a compromise reveal and acknowledge the past and promote reconciliation and amnesty. * Consisted of Desmond Tutu and Dr Alex Boraine as well as 17 truth commissioners. * Was broadcast on TV, radio and newspapers (media and public had access) biggest different between TRC in SA and TRC in other countries before hand. >The aims of the TRC were To analyze the causes of human violations during apartheid To recommend some form of fee for victims of apartheid To grant amnesty to those found guilty of human rights violati ons TRC argued this ould bring out more of the truth. (Not everyone was give amnesty). > Purpose of the TRC Having looked the beast of the past in the eye, having asked and received forgiveness and having made amends, let us shut the door on the past not in order to forget it, but in order not to allow it to imprison us. Let us move into the glorious afterlife of a new kind of society where people count, not because of biological irrelevancies but because they are persons of infinite worth created in the image of God. Desmond Tutu. Finding the truth about the past to rectify and move on towards a interrupt future >Three committees were set up to deal with the work of the TRC Committee on Human Rights Violations Committee on Reparation and Rehabilitation was charged with restoring victims dignity and formulating proposals to assist with rehabilitation. (Monetary Compensation). Committee on Amnesty considered applications from individuals who applied for amnesty in accor dance with the provisions of the Act. Had to be politically motivated, proportionate and tell the undivided truth. ) DID NOT NEED TO SAY SORRY. > Truth and Reconciliation? The TRC was viewed as much less effective in bringing about reconciliation. Some said that the proceedings only helped to remind them of the horrors that had taken place in the past when they had been working to forget such things. Thus, the TRCs effectiveness in terms of achieving those very things within its title is still debatable > The TRCs conclusion The TRC immaculate its report in 1998.It concluded that PW Bothas government had moved from a policy of repression to one of killing of its opponents, as well as being responsible for torture, abduction and sabotage. The report also criticised De Klerk for the activities of the third force which had tried to break the negotiations. It also criticised the ANC for civilian causalities in MK operations, for the torture and executions that had happened in AN C camps in exile and the use of violence against its opponents. > Was Tutu realistic in his expectations of the TRC? Yes * He had faith as he believed in forgiveness and redemption. He acknowledged that the TRC which was a process which made a contribution to conformity and nation make but was only part of a process * He didnt expect everyone to agree with him about the value of the TRC * The apartheid era forces could not all be punished, and a way must be found to integrate them willingly into The New South Africa. No * No real inducement for security forces to come in front * Expecting to much of the black population who suffered so much during apartheid * Reparations were not substantial as you cannot put a scathe on a mans life Examples of important TRC cases Amy Biehl was an American graduate ofStanford Universityand anAnti-Apartheid activistinSouth Africa. She studied at UCTas a scholar in theFulbright Program. When 26-year-old Biehl drove a friend home to the townshi p ofGuguletu on August 25, 1993, a black mob pelted her car with stones and smashed its windows. Biehl was afflicted in the head with a brick, then dragged from her car and surrounded by a mob that stoned and stabbed her to death while she begged for her life. Four of Biehls murderers were convicted for her killing however, in 1998, all were parthroughd by the TRC.Biehls family supported release of the killers, and her father move the murderers hands, stating that the most important vehicle of reconciliation is open and honest conversation -we are here to reconcile a human life which was taken without an opportunity for dialogue. When we are finished with this process we must move forward with linked arms. In 1994, Biehls parents, Linda and Peter, founded theAmy Biehl Foundation Trustto develop and empower younker in the townships, in order to discourage further violence. * http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=tKfKuiyqaiE Siphiwo Mtimkulu. http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=tef2AwcIZ sw Father Michael Lapsley > How successful was the TRC? Is the question most often asked. Successful in terms of what? Nuremberg? Chile? Southern Africa? In terms of South African expectations? International expectations? justice? Truth? Reconciliation? -> Many people were against the concept of amnesty they wanted justice rather than the truth. Many people found it difficult to accept that men who were guilty of stately crimes should be allowed to walk free, simply because of a public confession.Others were angered by the fact that many perpetrators who applied for amnesty did not express any remorse. -> Many South Africans were irritated that the TRC process was not bringing about change, justice or reparation. The key components of the legislation were concerned with (i) creating a assemblage for victims, (ii) establishing the truth, (iii) reparations, (iv) amnesty and (v) reconciliation. In its efforts to create a forum for victims the TRC succeeded most remarkably.Th e experiences of which the victims spoke have truly become part of the national psyche and are now imbedded in this countrys acknowledged history for the very first time . This alone justifies the existence of the TRC and nobody can ever undo that. It is difficult to judge how this outpouring of testimonies affected the South African public. ->For some black people it seems to have been cathartic to be able to tell their stories and to hear the confessions. For others, it has been infuriating to see the guilty get amnesty and walk free although I would argue that the same of exposure had been a penalty in itself.Many whites accused the TRC of being a witch-hunt and of stirring up hatreds that they said would make reconciliation impossible. But a few, mainly white Afrikaners, there is a deep sense of guilt and soul searching, for theirs was the view group and these confessing monsters are their own people. -> They were not seeking forgiveness from us but from the government. > What did the people of South Africa feel? * Perpetrators left off to lightly. * thoughtless to victims needs only received a 30% reparation packet boat after waiting 5 years. Not even-handed Too victim loving , set out to ostracise and humiliate the so called perpetrators * Too even-handed * Not enough reconciliation Disappointed not more victims and perpetrators actually harmonise > Link between TRC and nation building? The new constitution supported the idea of national unity based on reconciliation and reconstruction of society. Many people therefore believe that there was a strong link between the TRC and nation building. Retributive Justice Restorative Justice disgust is an act against the state, a violation of a law, an abstract idea Crime is an act against another person and the community The criminal justice system controls crime Crime control lies primarily in the community Offender accountability delimit as taking punishment business defined as assuming re sponsibility and taking action to mitigate harm Crime is an individual act with individual responsibility Crime has both individual and social dimensions of responsibility Punishment is effective * Threats of punishment deter crime * Punishment changes behaviour Punishment alone is not effective in changing behaviour and is disruptive to community harmony and good relationships Victims are peripheral to the process Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime. The wrongdoer is defined by deficits The offender is defined by capacity to make reparation heighten on establishing blamed or guilt on the past (did he/she do it? ) Focus on the problem solving, on liabilities/obligations, on the future (what should be done? Emphasis on adversarial relationshipEmphasis on dialogue and negotiation Imposition of pain to punish and deter/prevent Restitution as a means of restoring both parties goal of reconciliation/restoration community of interests on sideline, represented abs tractly by state Community as facilitator in restorative process Response focused on offenders past behaviour Response focused on bad consequences of offenders behaviour emphasis is on the future dependency upon proxy professionals Direct involvement by participants Amnesty This is an official pardon which would be granted in respect to acts, omissions and offences with political objectives committed in the course of conflicts in the past Reparations Making amends for doing wrong to victims or their families and dependants. This also sometimes (in the case of S. A) included giving monetary compensation to victims or their families. Ubuntu directly defined means humanness. It means having the quality which separates men from animals being compassionate and gentle and using ones strength on behalf of the reeking in a community