Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer wellness And hearty Care EssayThe wellness Promotion logo incorporates five central act areas in wellness Promotion (build healthy overt policy, give rise supportive environments for health, strengthen alliance action for health, develop personal skills, and re-orient health run) and the three basic wellness Promotion strategies (to enable, mediate, and advocate) as described by the World health Organisation in the Ottawa Charter (World Health Organisation 1986 Nutbeam 1998).In Nigeria, incidence rate of cervical genus Cancer is the estimated at 25 per 100,000 women with an ab bulge(predicate) 8000 new cases of cervical genus Cancer diagnosed each year(Adewole, Benedet et al. 2005). CITED IN OKONOFUA. The National Cervical Cancer bar Programme (NCCPP)-the first discipline effort towards the cervical malignant neoplastic disease prevention in Nigeria-was formally launched by the Honourable Minister of Women affairs and accessib le Development in October, 2008. capableness approaches to tackling cervical cancerMedical or preventive approach elemental prevention via HPV vaccination and secondary prevention via cervical blanket .This tight aligns with the principle highlighted in the Alma Ata declaration which focuses on prevention rather than cure(World Health Organisation 1978).Behavioural approach encouraging clients to take-up screening services and as well as encouraging clients to adopt healthy sexual demeanour through with(predicate) group or one-to-one commission as well as mass campaigns.Educational approach addition awareness of the cause of cervical cancer via sex education (peer education and family smell skills curriculum). Knowledge about the risk factors for cervical cancer may change sexual attitudes and last behaviour. Socio-economic factors may however limit voluntary change in behaviour. preparation of leaflets, booklets, group, and one-to-one advice may be used to educate on the risks of the disease.Social change approach free education for teen distaffs and free vocational training programmes and improving access to education.Empowerment approach enhance life skills through family life skills curriculum and peer-education which help in teaching female teenagers assertiveness and negotiation, and self esteem building regarding sexual issues.Theoretical underpinning for cervical cancer screeningThis hindrance combines the medical (preventive), behavioural and educational approaches to health packaging. The theoretical poser is the modified health belief model(Rosenstock, Strecher et al. 1988) of health-related decision making. The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been widely used in the prediction of cervical cancer screening uptake (Gillam 1991 Austin, Ahmad et al. 2002 Johnson, Mues et al. 2008).It is based on the individuals perceptions of the holy terror represent by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the advantages of avoiding the threat, a nd factors influencing the health related decisions (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). This value-expectancy model(Shumaker, Ockene et al. 2009) suggests that whether hoi polloi change their health behaviour, accept an intervention, or not would depend on if they believe its benefits outweigh its risks (e.g. devastation) or damages (time and money). It suggests that women are influenced by how penetrable they think they are to cervical cancer (perceived susceptibility) and how serious they consider it to be (perceived severity). This theory has however been criticised as being unable to predict behaviour but it can potentially serve as a framework for elucidating womens reactions to screening and help in devising methods of increasing participation, improving the timber of the service, and reducing womens anxiety towards cervical cancer diagnosis(Fylan 1998). According to the HBM, asymptomatic mint may not go for cervical screening unless they accept that, though t hey take over no symptoms, they may in fact pose pre-cancerous lesions (perceived susceptibility). They must(prenominal) understand that cervical cancer is a leading cause of death (perceived severity). Taking a Pap smear leaven will sign up the risk of cervical cancer (perceived benefits) without negative side effects or excessive difficulty (perceived barriers). Posters, reminder letters and messages, or radio announcements peculiarly in the local dialect might encourage women to go for screening (cues to action). For those who have had a friend or relative developing cancer, counselling might help build confidence in taking up the service (self-efficacy).Individual perceptions Modifying factors Likelihood of actionPerceived benefits of cervical screening-avoidance of immature death minus Perceived barriers to cervical screening -accessing healthcare facilities (transport), inconvenient clinic times, lack of a female screener (especially for muslim women), fatalistic view o f cancer, cost of sieveing, lack of patient-friendly services, cultural health beliefs, language barriers, fear of discrimination, spouse disapproval, absence seizure of symptomsDemographic variablesAge (20), female (gender),marital statusSocio-psychological variablesLow socio-economic status, poor nutrition, aim of education, polygamy, multiple sexual partnersStructural variablesKnowledge about cervical cancer, previous contact with people with cervical cancerPerceived susceptibility to cervical cancerPerceived severity of cervical cancerPerceived threat of cervical cancerLikelihood of having a pap smearCues to actionAdvice from physicians and lay persons (friends, neighbours, relatives, community leaders, and spiritual leaders)Mass media campaigns-radio announcements and broadcasts (in English and local dialect), publisher articles, billboards, television, press advertisementsBooklets, leaflets, and posters placed in public places exchangeable supermarkets handbillsIllness or death of a friend or close relative from cervical cancerReminders from physiciansHealth Belief Model of Cervical Cancer Prevention (Adapted from (Naidoo and Wills 2009)-Health Belief Model pg.The theory of reason action and theory of aforethought(ip) behaviour may be used to predict response to cervical cancer screening based on looking up to the health promoters as models.Role of the media in cervical screeningUsing the media to authorise on information and advice is an important strategy or tool for health promotion. Much of public health issues-including smoking and HIV/AIDS -have been successfully improved via extensive media campaigns. Media messages help in arrive at large phone numbers game of people. The vital role of research in health promotion has been support by research (Marcus and Crane 1998 Jenkins, McPhee et al. 1999).Mass media campaigns aim to raise awareness or provide messages about participation in the intervention.Mobile call up text messaging is a poten tially useful means of sending invitations and reminders for screening. A research finding also stated that mobile phone messages seems to be an impelling tool for increasing compliance with vaccination schedules(Vilella, Bayas et al. 2004).A trial demonstrate that attendance at primary care centres improved via mobile phone text messaging (Leong, Chen et al. 2006)and unhealthy behaviours such as smoking(Rodgers, Corbett et al. 2005) has been shown in research to be improved by text messages. Furthermore, a regular review also indicated that mass media interventions may play a constitute role in influencing the use of healthcare interventions(Grilli, Freemantle et al. 2000).Linear causal and dissemination of innovation model have been used to explain the effects of media on an hearing.REVISE AND ADD 3 LINES FROM TAG AND NAIDOOThough media is effective at reaching large nos of people the understanding and recall by the target audience cannot be guaranteed .It must be supported b y other strategies like reimforcement from experts. CITE NAIDOP189 PLUS SOURCESCHECK NAIDOO AND WILLS .There is also a problem of interpreting statistics research studies and interpretation of risk.Social marketing=market women,university students,female health care wokers,women in churches,muslim womenRead pg 194 plus few other arRationale for cervical screeningFor a screening for a disease to be effectivethe disease must be an important health problemthe innate course of the disease should be well understoodthe disease should have a long detectable preclinical phasemust have effective treatment and early treatment should improve outcomethe test should be highly specific and sensitive andadequate resources to perform the test should be available and it should be cost effective(Naidoo and Wills 2005).LINK THESE TO PAP obscure AND CERV CA + CITE epide/sys reviews/rctsThe Ewles and Simnett model(Ewles and Simnett 2003) combined with a logic framework would be used in planning the pr ogramme.Needs perspicacity the case for cervical cancer screening in IbadanThe needs assessment for this programme is carried out from the professionals billet using the epidemiological approach (Williams and Wright 1998 Bowling and Jones 2002 Tones and Green 2004).Needs assessment is best carried out using both qualitative and quantitative information(Gilmore and Campbell 2005).It is through with(p) in order to help establish priorities ,assist planning, justify the use of resources and also in planning evaluation. It brings to light the magnitude of the problem and establishes a service line against which the health promotion intervention can be evaluated.Ibadan is large community located in Nigeria. It shares a unique mix of middle mannikin -mainly government workers and university staff -and socially disadvantaged groups. It has a substantial number of Muslims spanning the Yoruba and Hausa ethnic groups .Literacy level is low. The transport system is inexpensive but under t he weather organised and most women are involved in petty trading. Health services available are one teaching hospital, 3 state-owned public hospitals, and primary health centres located within each LGA.Epidemiological data-morbidity, and deathrate statistics-from the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan cancer registry- was used to identify and quantify the incidence of cervical cancers occurring in the community. The mean age of years at presentation.A recent study by doctors at the University College Hospital, Ibadan as reported by The cowman of November 7, 2002 gave credence to the emerging trend revealing- that out of- Nigerian women have pectus cancer. ground on this finding, 34,800 new cases would be expected in 2003 an join on from 27,840 or 25% in 1999.Selection of intervention populationBased on needs assessment, practical considerations such as level of funding, the pathogenesis of gentle papillomavirus infection and to a lesser degree current life-expectancy statistics? This intervention targets women between 20 and 65 years old Justify with evidence take onThe programme overall aim is to reduce the morbidity and premature fatality rate from cervical cancer in Ibadan?ObjectivesTo raise the awareness of cervical cancer and screening to 85% by the year 2014To increase to about 70% participation( the percentage of eligible women screened by )ToIntervention and resources=500 wordsThe intervention is a community-based intervention set in Ade-Oyo Ibadan, a community in the South-Western region of Nigeria.Mass media campaigns to promote cervical cancer screening-planned media coverage funded by sponsoring bodies plus unpaid media coverage in newspapers-the recent death of a former first lady from ovarian cancer may increase awareness and the involvement of the current first lady in cancer initiatives has led to a dramatic increase in media coverage of cancer related issues.Stakeholders-represenative of the press?Primary staeholders-the womenS econdary stakeholdersHealth professionals-general practitioners,specialist gynaecologists,health promotion and public health nurses,community health extension workersKey stakeholders Funding bodies and ngos World Health Organisation , Mass Medical Mission (MMM) ,PATH Policy makers- agencies/FMOH/Oyo State moh,Ministry of Women AffairsRESOURCESPap smear plus acetoacetttttTarget? by 2014Evaluation of the cervical cancer prevention programme=300 -400 wordsEthical principles 3-4 lines semipolitical dimensions3-4 statements authorities can be looked at from a power perspective and defined as the production ,distribution and use of scarce resourcesCite IN NAIDOO(Heywood 2000).Politics play an important role in the success of health promotion interventions.ATTACH LOGIC FRAMEWORK Quantitative approachConclusionThis health promotion intervention has used the medica approach to hp which is often viewed as being mechanistic redustic view of health