Resiliency in Homelessness

Resiliency in Homeless(prenominal)nessProblem Statement at that push through is a great deal of research into resiliency in children, whether they atomic number 18 housed or homeless. However, thither is less research slightly resiliency in with child(p)s, whether they ar housed or homeless. This does non reach out genius to me. Childrens advantageously-being, which includes their resiliency, is directly check with that of the adults in their families. Women currently earn 60 cents for every dollar a man earns with a wider social pay gap (CCH, page 3). Families with children hold in up thirty-five portion of the homeless universe of discourse, with the remaining sixty-five sh ar of the homeless population being single individuals (CCH, page 1). Get selective information on s headed by single p bents, oddly female-headed families. According to the city of lucre 2007 Point in Time Count, the racial demographics of the homeless population were Afri toilette Ameri b ed 75 percent White 16 percent Latino 6 percent (CCH, FAQ). Strength in the award of mischance is matchless of the approximately great fibreistics you bottom of the inning agree. Challenges and disappointments argon inevitable in life. Resilience is one of the keys to life satisf get alongion. Resilience git help fore put through depression, enhances relationships, helps us deal with sudden and unexpected challenges, as well as those we anticipate and sightnot negate. It similarly safeguards us against long-term difficulties.Given this reality I refractory to investigate if resilience reduces prohi oddball effects of homelessness in adults and in their renewing after get housed. The information I find tidy sum be useful for those working with adults who argon homeless and those make the transition from homelessness to caparison.methodological analysisI wrote 10 questions based on the theory demonstrate in a literary works review on resilience. I interviewed five experts in the field of homelessness Erin Ryan MSW, the Executive Director of Lincoln Park company entertain (LPCS) Ms. Jen Patterson, Director of Development and Communications at Housing Opportunities for Women (HOW) Mr. Steven Skovensky, Ms. Natalie Hutchinson, and Ms. Ann Birhle, be resident physician Services Managers at gentleness Housing Lakefront. LPCS, HOW and Mercy Housing are located in Chicago. All five interviewees pay stumble at to the lowest degree five years working with the homeless and those housed after being homeless. I chose Mr. Skovensky, Ms. Patterson, Ms. Hutchinson and Ms. Birhle because after working with them from approximately 2000-2003. (I currently work with Ms. Hutchinson, Ms. Birhle and Mr. Skovensky.) footnote I spend a penny amodal valueed Ms. Ryan after becoming acquainted with many of Lincoln Park Community Shelters graduates. I beged an Executive Director of another treasure in Chicago alone there was no chemical reaction from h er. Ms. Ryans phone interview goaled 30 minutes, overdue to a prior commitment she later answered questions sent by email. Ms. Pattersons interview lasted an hour at her office. Mr. Skovenskys and Ms. Birhles interviews lasted approximately 40 minutes in their offices. Ms. Hutchinsons interview lasted an hour in her office. footnotes The questions I prayed each soulfulness were 1) their rendering of resilience 2) if peppy clients be capture contrastively than those who are less vital 3) if resilience great deal be taught 4) if resilience whoremaster be taught in a difficult situation 5) the strengths and limitations or shortcomings the clients spend a penny 6) if men and women fancy resilience in different ways 7) cultural, racial or ethnic differences in how resilience is shown 8) how their organizations work with clients/residents to learn resilience 9) if resilience potful ease the nix effects of homelessness and the transition to being housed 10) if there was any s ubject important I did not acquire them slightlyInterview SummaryEveryones definitions of resilience agree with each others and mirror publications. Examples of resilience given included the strength to conform to ones circumstances, the expertness to move forward when faced with challenges and/or barriers, which are different for everyone and come multiple layers, contend jobs, families, and so on (Patterson, Ryan) the susceptibility to persevere and bounce back under innate conditions and overcome extreme barriers ability to recover and rebound from difficult or traumatic experiences (Skovensky) an ability to recover and rebound from difficult or traumatic experiences and learn from them and score positive change (Hutchinson) Ms. Patterson mentioned that soulfulnesss social network, which allows battalion to be much full of life that punt frame disappearing is the worst thing that happens before just aboutone goes to HOW. nation ask to use their sk bedrids and support network to navigate and rebuild. The adaptability maculation the ability to shift and change easily is key. The racy person has an easier epoch because life is constantly changing.Barriers whitethorn include any form of trauma, want violence, loss, dependance, mental health crises, incarceration, becoming homeless, and the public health agreement (being ill and not having insurance). Primarily one of the big things of resilience is overcoming what would incapacitate most pack (Skovensky). Responses varied when interpretericipants were asked if to a greater extent racy clients be fox differently than those who are less bouncing. Those less resilient might exhaust a fit musical notes backward or not move forward in a way they thought they could. The person might move from the tribute to housing, found they werent as ready as they thought, and move back into the shelter. roughly clients might need much support, such as a flake manager in an on-site office or soulfulness ensuring they take their meds daily or need transportation daily (Patterson). Erin notice that ofttimes the hardest thing to overcome is a persons stereotypes of what homelessness is.LPCS staff encounters what appears to a denial system in place. More educated people often act comparable theyre discover than others. People are sometimes un automatic to help until defenses are broken. Its important to help people come to terms with it during what Ms. Ryan called a grief process, which some handle better than others. Some are to a greater extent unbidden to network, are open to suggestion, willing to take advice, to a greater extent open-minded and chat to people they lose more human connections. Those who are more apart(p) piddle a more difficult time. This includes people dealing with inveterate illnesses, whether strong-arm or mental illnesses. Mitigating factors posterior complicate things for people, with the admission they need help and the willingnes s to accept it being important. This is especially true with addiction. This also reflects the literature on resilience. which? Mr. Skovensky mentioned two things that stand out for him 1) those who appear more resilient seem to have an element of using humor as a header mechanism they seemed to laugh, smile, almost incongruent with their experiences.Youd esteem theyd be completely demoralized but they could laugh and smile and keep moving forward. 2) victimization their creativity using art, and/or writing to chronicle their experience. nonpareil person in the photography group s deposeing it made him feel better about his life and his fusss may be more about self-pride than resilience though. Somebody sharing their experiences in their writing inspired others in the writing group it helps the writer and the audience (Skovensky). This reflected what Smith and her colleagues found. More resilient people dont seem to be as stuck in historical excruciation or mired down. The y have the ability to roll with the punches a post better. More resilient people dont personalize things as much, dont say that negative things are being directed specifically at them they tolerate contextualize things better. its easier to ask for help because they dont take things personally. They can rely on in stock(predicate) resources more easily, feel more of a sense of community, and involvement (Hutchinson). Ms. Ryan and Ms. Patterson believe that the basal principles and concepts of resilience can be taught. However, imparting that information people must(prenominal) be willing to put that information into practice. Some people say want to be told what to do but the most one can do is lay out the options available so the client can make their decisions from there.As Ms. Patterson give tongue to, clients must do it for themselves. Mr. Skovensky believes that resilience may have more to do with personality. Resiliency seems more like a character trait or something engr ained in our personality than a skill. Which paper is this like? Coping mechanisms, which involve specific strategies for dealing with problems or concerns, are skills that can be taught. Examples understanding your support system and the parting it lands understanding resources available understanding how to process anger in a way not detrimental to you or others understanding its okay to say no to situations, dont have to be all things to all people only thing one can own is your own actions, not others actions. Resiliency, on the other hand, seems more intangible in how you can measure and explain. As a top it is hard to describe who is resilient and who isnt. Like Ms. Birhle, Ms. Hutchinson believes resilience can be encouraged but requires a certain kind of outlook that can be modeled for people. Resilience comes from a particular way of look at the world, a particular perspective, which can be taught. People who are more resilient feel more of a we instead of us vs. them. Anyone can teach anything to someone willing to learn. If someone isnt ready for the change, wherefore wherefore even pack it?People can be taught different ways of coping if the person is ready and open to reading it. This reminded me of the pre-contemplative dress described by James Prochaska and his colleagues. In this stage, there is no inclination to change behavior in the foreseeable future many people are unaware or under-aware of their problems, despite the fact that their friends and families are well aware of the problems (Prochaska, DiClimente, Norcross, 1992). When it comes to teaching resilience in difficult situations, there was some disagreement. Ms. Patterson said yes but also acknowledged that it is harder to take a step back from things and take a long-term perspective during hard times, especially if one hasnt practiced at it. Ms. Ryan said she gestates different coping skills can be taught which, over time, can make one more resilient. People can also exp erience a shift in world-view as a result of tragedy or joy that can amplification resilience, such as a cultural, spiritual, or otherwise awakening (such as hitting rock bottom in an addiction). For Ms. Hutchinson, it is either the top hat or worst of time to teach resilience, depending on the person. In substance abuse, it is corresponding to hitting bottom before being ready to change. A corner will bend or break in a bulletproof wind. Resilience is the bending tree. Have to recognize the need for it, and be willing to try it. When I asked if people can improve on their resilience, Ms. Hutchinson said yes like stretching and exercise, it becomes easier the more someone does it. Mr. Skovensky disagreed, motto he believes that coping skills can be taught but is not convinced that resilience can be taught, since he believes it is a personality/character trait. For him, it comes back to a persons life experience and personality (Skovensky). I then asked about strengths they see in their clients. Ms. Patterson sees many strengths in HOW clients, including the motivation to succeed and improve their lives, the willingness to take responsibilities of living, initiative, determination, and the willingness to take checker of their lives. The clients are willing to reframe their experiences and how they define and see themselves.Ms. Ryan sees respective(a) strengths with mainly cultural differences. Some people tend to have stronger ties with family support systems, or churches or other groups. Also, those who have grown up without as many opportunities, who are closer to poverty, are usually a bit more resourceful in terms of using internal coping skills and resilience. Some cultures value the concept of community and it is not shameful to ask for help, whereas others value independence and self-reliance more. The it takes a child vs. bootstraps philosophies. In Ms. Ryans opinion, the first one is more helpful in terms of long-term resilience from something as devastating as homelessness. For Mr. Skovensky, the ones who have been the most resilient have some insight into their own situation, insight into whatever their barriers are (whether addiction and recovery, or mental illness). Having an outlet, whether its productive or a good sense of humor, that gives them the ability to place it in context. Having a good support system is vital. Resilient people dont let themselves be labeled (like Im an alcoholic, Im bipolar, etc.). They exhibit a willingness to take responsibility for their lives. Ms. Hutchinson sees hopefulness, determination, a sense of purpose, tenacity, the ability to forgive themselves and others, the willingness to ask for assistance, and endurance.When asked about limitations or shortcomings, the answers varied somewhat. For Mr. Skovensky, it includes the inability to build/sustain relationships with anyone ( fountain manager or family member) flat-out addiction. A sub-grouping of that is a lack of insight into how an addiction can be affecting their life. Being unwilling to ask for help. For Ms. Hutchinson, the question about shortcomings was a one. She doesnt like to think of it as a shortcoming because it is a value judgment in a way. For her, it includes being challenged by recent traumas, which clients see as making it difficult for them to move have less energy for the present if burdened by the past or past trauma weighted down trying to find a theatrical role and struggling to do so difficulty accepting responsibility for decisions or actions. Those with less resilience tend to have an outward locus of control things happen to them. They are more reactive than proactive. Resilient people have the ability to accept things rather than fight them instead of why me, its why not me, its happened and now I have to respond. Most participants saw some difference in resilience based on gender. Ms. Patterson said there is an equality when the monetary dynamic and the accompanying power dynami c are removed. There might not be a lot of possessions or money but everyone was really strong because they want to find their way to somewhere safe. At RESTs womens shelter, women seemed a bit more territorial as a way of showing they are valuable and contributing.At the Mens shelter they said yeah sure, go ahead. For Mr. Skovensky, its more difficult for women to succeed than men. Women have more barriers because the way society is set up. Its almost like they have to work harder to overcome barriers and trauma. I dont think I can signalize on whether men or women are more resilient. Barriers include more violence (domestic, sexual abuse during childhood) against women, more stereotyping and expectation of what womens roles are, exploitation of women on the street (prostitution), unequal power dynamic in society. The literature I found does not explore differences and similarities in how men and women show resilience and the role socialization plays in those behaviors. Ms. Birhle and Ms. Hutchinson agreed that men and women display differences due to gender socialization playing a role. Sometimes men think they have to be rugged individualists. As a result it may more difficult for them to ask for help in certain things be vulnerable or show vulnerable feelings (Hutchinson). While Ms. Birhle does not remove to women are this way and men are a different way, she noticed that it takes men more time to ask for help. They try to suck it up, saying I can handle it. Ms. Ryan said there were differences at a surface level but not much individually.The issues are the like with men and women exhibiting similar reactions. I asked Ms. Hutchinson and Ms. Birhle if there are any differences on racial or ethnic lines. Ms. Hutchinson said that it might have more to do with class issues then ethnicity. Its about access to resources in a way. If you dont have resources, it plays a bigger role than ethnicity or race, which is more about economics than race or ethnicity. I f people feel there is a place to reach out to theyll do it. We can find differences in places people have access to resources than the role race plays, which tends to be more monetary. A white person may have skin privilege. A white person might not feel harassed in a store where a person of color does. I consider this to be significant since she is inkiness. Ms. Birhle noticed it mainly with minority communities. African-Americans and Asians tend to ________ more of a stigma as a result members of those communities tend to a harder time doing it. Asians are more private mental illness is considered a problem and they might not get help. African-American people in our society have adapted to more oppressive situations and probably been resilient to racism and lack of great opportunity. On the one hand, African-Americans can be really resilient because they have always dealt with a lot black people have to work harder. On the other hand, the environment contributes to a lot of probl ems, whether violence or poor education and not perceive a way out. It is different for whites. Blacks having less access to resources and racism, which is institutionalized in society. There is a similarity class-wise (economically) across race and ethnicity but whites dont have the issue of race in this societyInterview Summary 2I asked what the organizations do to help their clients with resilience. Ms. Patterson said that HOW teaches their clients what they need to do but wont do it for them. I was unable to ask Ms. Ryan. The LPCS website mentions three tracks clients can participate in that help with substance abuse recovery, mental and physical health, and job hunting. These tracks helps clients identify and address the reasons why they are homelessness and the barriers they face to becoming self-sufficient. Clients are required to participate in one or more track. These political platforms reflect information about resilience in terms of the capacitor to make realistic pla ns and take steps to hunt down them out a positive view of yourself and confidence in your strengths and abilities skills in communication and problem solving and finding help. Mercy Housing Lakefront provides many services and programs for its residents. Mercy Housing Lakefronts model of engagement of providing supportive housing with on-site case vigilance and trying to treat people like adults and not forcing them to make changes and dealing with people where theyre at, I think in growth a good relationship with them, developing a community. Mercy Housing Lakefront also 1) tries to provide a lot of activities the form of Tenant Leadership program, creative opportunities (writing group, art group) 2) trying to provide a home, a safe place 3) referral to local services and benefits when residents ask for referrals (Birhle). offer encouragement and support that may strengthen or encourage resiliency through case management and groups, they work with people to develop coping skill s (Skovensky). There is a program at the Belray Apartments called Motivation Mondays, which helps provide motivation for changing participants lives for the better. Group members conglomerate resources emotionally, talk about self as a whole being. Participants are asked what they want to accomplish, what their barriers are, and what support do they need (Hutchinson). My last question was if resilience eases the negative effects of homelessness. Four of the five interviewees said yes. For Ms. Ryan, the more right away people adapt, the more quickly theyre out of it, bounce back and avoid a downward spiral. Resilience includes capacity to make realistic plans and carry them out positive view of oneself self-confidence communication skills and problem-solving skills capacity to manage strong feelings and impulses (Ryan). Ms. Patterson stated that resilience helps people cope with the challenges, identify solutions and act on them. Resilience may not change the challenges and barrier s people face but can help people cope (Patterson). For Ms. Hutchinson, resilience eases the negative effect of any trauma. Homelessness can be recognized as a temporary state. If they are resilient, they recognize they will come out of it and can come out of it. Their comments strongly reflect literature on resilience. Mr. Skovensky found it hard to answer that question, not experienced it himself. For him, he thinks it does help as a means of overcoming the negative effectsThe last questionThe last question asked if resilience helps people make the transition from homelessness to being housed. One reason I asked this question is I couldnt find anything in literature about this subject. Four of the five said yes. Ms. Patterson said that being housed presents a different set of challenges than being homeless. The challenges include maintaining a budget and home, developing relationships with the landlord and neighbors, connecting with area resources.Ms. Ryan relates resilience clos ely with adaptability. The better able someone is to adapt to a new situation, the more resilient they are. Making the transition from homelessness to housing is a big change, and requires adaptability in order to handle it well, especially if someone has been homeless for a long period of time. Ms. Hutchinson stated that resiliency is a positive quality which helps you move from one place to another. It is a chemical reaction to stressors.For Ms. Birhle the staff noticed that for some residents those less resilient homelessness takes such a toll, they are tired and want to just have their apartment. The more resilient a person is, the better able they are to adapt, and adapt to changes that are huge and stressful, recognizing when they need help and asking for it. Mr. Skovensky hopes resilience helps with that transition. They want people to know the services and groups that are available at the building and in community. The Delmar Apartments conducts a new tenant orientation, providing a cohort the person can be part of as a support system. This reflects the need for a support system in literature. I asked Ms. Hutchinson if there was anything I didnt ask that she considered to be important. She couldnt think of anything then began a dialog with me. She asked what I think is the core looking of resilience?What is the most important thing, where if that one thing is absent you cant have resiliency? My answer was determination, tenacity if you dont have it, youre not going anywhere. Ms. Hutchinson then ask What about endurance? My response was that stepping back to recharge ones batteries isnt the same as quitting. Ms. Hutchinson said that maybe part of it too is planning we cant be reactive all the time. expense time to reflect is important since it is needed for recharging and learning. The ability to reflect on your experiences is so important allowing us the space for reflective thought. These important questions and the concepts they dissemble are n ot mentioned in the literature I found.RecommendationsStudy adult population and resilience. How does resilience help adults, especially those experiencing adversity? Study how resilience helps those making the transition from homelessness to being housed. Tailor services to what the person or family wants and needs. The decision as to what services the family or individual partake in should be a collaboration between the clients and service-providers. Study how Prochaskas work on whether the stages of change relate to resilience. Why or why not? How can people be encouraged to move out of pre-contemplation and powerlessness to making positive changes? Study to learn best practices on what services best bolster and/or teach resilience. What are the best practices on learning how to turn negative experiences into lessons of growth. Study how tenacity, determination, endurance and reflecting on ones experiences relate to resilience. What role do those qualities play in resilience, if any? Study what the core tantrum of resilience is, where resilience does not exist if that aspect is absent. Study how to ____________ that aspect Many articles about building resilience are available on-line. This is untouchable for those without Internet connections and looking for information. How do creative arts (including art, writing, photography, and so on) play in resilience? How to they ______ resilience? Workshops and training classes on building resilience are available in many places. However, cost may be prohibitive to anyone with a low-income or unable to take time off work or lacks transportation to the workshop. Insurance, whether public or private, could pay for tending these workshops. Carpooling can provide transportation for those lacking transit. Emphasizing employment as the main route out of poverty misses the mark, especially lacking an nice education, and support system (childcare, adequate mental health, and so on). Explore the differences and similari ties in how men and women show resilience and the role socialization plays in those behaviors.

The Hohfeldian Analysis Of Rights Philosophy Essay

The Hohfeldian Analysis Of veraciouss Philosophy Es recordThe concept of analyzing level-headed matures in a broader sense experience was presumptuousness by professor Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld. prof Hohfeld was born in 1879. He graduated in 1901 from the University of California and travel to Harvard Law School. in that location, he served in the capacity of editor of Harvard Law inspection and graduated with honors in 1904. Professor Hohfeld then taught from 1905-1913 at Stanford Law School. by and by in his c atomic number 18er, he shifted to Yale Law School. He taught at the prestigious justness school until his demise in 19181.Professor Hohfeld has contri hardlyed signifi fucktly to the field of Jurisprudence. He attempted to simplify the term full by creating an analysis that separates various core concepts in faithfulness. These core concepts were then shown to be inter-related and a role model of much(prenominal) relationships was construed. The analysis of the co nnectivity in relationships can shed out of work on implications of policy and decision making. Thus, his work has permitted the deconstruction of court-ordered principles into individual elements2.Professor Hohfeld has propounded that the diverse meanings of the term proper be often conflated in a single sentence. In any given sentence, the customs province is switched several sequences. This neediness of preciseness in the language subsequently bodes a lack of precision in thought and the conclusions that be derived in turn. His efforts to facilitate reasoning lead him to break the meaning of properlys into eight unique concepts. These terms ar defined with venerate to unrivalled a nonher to eliminate the presence of any ambiguity. intravenous feeding pairs of foes and interchangeables argon utter to subsist as illustrated below3.Jural Opposites lay out of the following1. Right/No-Right2. Privilege/Duty3. Power/Disability4. exemption/ financial obligationJur al Correlatives argon mainly listd by1. Right/Duty2. Privilege/No-Right3. Power/Liability4. Immunity/DisabilityRIGHTS AND DUTIESWhat is a c everywhere? A indemnify can be defined as an interest recognized, protected and enforced by law. rightness Strong has held The cry set is defined by lexicographers to donate, among early(a) things, property, interest, bureau, prerogative, opposition, privilege (Walkers Dict. intelligence service Right). In law it is most frequently applied to property in its limit sense, but it is often employmentd to designate provide, prerogative, and privilege,4Justice Jackson5 hike solid grounds The words compensate or privilege cede, of course, a variety of meanings, jibe to the connection or context in which they are used. Their definition, are given by standard lexicographers, imply that which one and only(a) has a sanctioned bang to do, sub judice mightiness, authority, immunity granted by authority, the investiture with special or peculiar arights.A man has several rights over both genuine as well as intangible asset objects. He in any case possesses rights as a individual such as the right to enjoy a certain reputation, the right to non be assaulted or injured, rights in a domestic environment and rights that are related to early(a) rights e.g. contractual rights. accredited other rights of a contractual temperament may also exist such as those rendered for service e.g. master and servant, doctor and patient. Rights over intangible objects would include copyrights, patents, trademarks etc. Thus, rights can be considered as advantages or benefits that are conferred by law6.Rights can be divided into 4 different kindsRights in the stringent senseLibertiesPowersImmunitiesThe correlatives of each of these rights are illustrated belowDutiesNo-RightsLiabilitiesDisabilities from each one and every right has a corresponding job. Duty may be defined as an internal feeling of an obligation towards someo ne. A transaction or a licit obligation is that which one ought or ought non to do. Duty and right are correlative terms. When a right is invaded, a duty is separated.7Rights and duties are like 2 sides of a coin and always go hand in hand. Thus, right and duty are correlative. This implies that if X enjoys a right against Y, then Y is duty bound to respect this right. Rights in the nonindulgent sense can therefore, be held to be benefits, which are derived from duties imposed upon others8. Several different kinds of rights exist. These are elucidated below.The archetypal classification is that of completedive tenseive rights and perfect duties. Rights which go a eagle-eyed with perfect duties are cognize as perfect rights and perfect duties are those which not only possess legal recognition but are also, strictly enforceable. Thus, a breach would constitute some action or prosecution and the State may use presumable force if requisite9.However, both rights and duties f all short of this perfect system10. Some exemplars of imperfect legal rights would include time prohibit claims, claims that cannot be enforced due to lack of proof, certain claims against states etc. art object in all these cases, there is no cause of action as yet legal recognition still exists. The principle of ubi jus ibi rapid eye movementedium which elbow room where there is a right, there is a rapid eye movement sleepedy, serves an exception to imperfect rights11.The second category is that of corroboratory and shunly charged rights. The correlative of these rights are positive and negative duties and acts performed by those in whom the duty vests determine the nature of the right. A positive act relates to a positive right whereas any abstinence from it would constitute a negative right12.A third distinction is made amidst rights in rem and rights in soulfulnessam. Both these terms energize been derived from civil law13. A right in rem is a right that exists agai nst the built-in world whereas a right in personam is against a specific individual. The right to spend my money from my wallet is a right in rem but the right to get it from a debtor is a right in personam. Similarly, the right to exclusive enjoyment of my apartment is a right in rem whereas upon the lease of the same apartment, only a right in personam would exist against the leasee. Rights in rem are considered as negative rights whereas rights in personam are usually positive in nature14.Rights in personam are pre prevalently derived from the existence of personal relations whereas rights in rem offer a relation between the owner and a plethora of individuals. Thus, rights in personam are held to be paucital rights and rights in rem are multital rights. A contractual right is a paucital right as it is specifically enforceable only between the parties placeing into a contract. A property right, on the other hand, is a multital right as the person has a right to exclude any an d every individual. In essence, it can be shelp that multital rights are constituted by several, separate yet identical paucital rights15. patented and personal rights form the fourth category. The former is concerned with value opus the latter(prenominal) is not. Value, in the case of proprietary rights, is derived from assets, estate, property and so forth. Rights, therefore, which are proprietary in nature deal with monetary or scotch value. On the contrary, personal rights are associated with status, reputation and welfare16. Right of not being inflicted with harm and rights in respect of domestic relationships can be called as personal rights17.Rights are also divided into jura in re propria and jura in re aliena. A right in re aliena, also termed as an encumbrance, is one which detracts from another(prenominal) in reference to a subject. Thus, the right is limited in its ambit with respect to the superior right. For instance, a attainlords right to use the property temporar ily may be restricted by a tenant. The 4 main classes that constitute jura in re aliena are servitudes, trusts, securities and leases. All other rights fall in the domain of jura in re propria18.A property owner has a jus in re propria i.e. a right over the property owned while a pledgee possesses a jus in re aliena i.e. a right over another persons property. A right is known as servient when it is subject to an encumbrance whereas the encumbrance derived is called dominant19. By subletting a property, the sublessee is conferred with a jus in re aliena by the tenant. Thus, the right of the tenant is servient with respect to the sublessee but dominant as against the landlord20.Servient and dominant rights are concomitant and may vary in their floor of coexistence. Leases, owes and easements are examples of the same. An opposite relationship is observed in the case of principal and accessory rights21. emancipation AND NO-RIGHTSLiberty is defined as the mold of a right without the dissonance of law. To say that A has part withdom means that A can do all that pleases because there exists no duty to refrain and at the same time, no one else can prohibit X from exercising casualness. There exists a relationship between all individuals that is woven together and held in a matrix. By collectively adding all the rights and duties across relationships, the extent and degree of autonomy can be determined. The classic example of perfect liberty is one where no one has any exclusive right to continue the occurrence of a given act22.Legal liberty encompasses a sphere within which the law leaves the individual alone. Liberty, however, does not mean interposition with another e.g. liberty to voice opinion on public personal business does not grant a person the right to publish defamation. Similarly, one has the liberty to self-defense against violence but no right is conferred to contain in revenge against someone who has caused the injury. A man has a perfect ri ght to fire off a gun, means, apparently, that a man has a freedom or liberty to fire of a gun, so long as he does not violate or infringe anyones rights in doing so, which is very different thing from a right, the violation or disturbance of which can be remedied or pr resultant roleed by legal process.23In Quinn v. Leatham24, cleric Lindley has stated The complainant had the ordinary rights of the British subject. He was at liberty to earn his living in his own way, willd he did not violate some law prohibiting him from so doing, and provided he did not infringe the rights of other people. This liberty involved the liberty to deal with other persons who were willing to deal with him. This liberty is a right recognised by law its correlative is the general duty of every one not to prevent the free exercise of this liberty or right to deal with others is nugatory unless they are at liberty to deal with him if they choose to do so. Any hang-up with their liberty to deal with him affects him.Liberty is therefore, the exercise of unrestrained activity permitted chthonic law. The primary difference between liberty and rights in strict sense is that things I may do for myself are classified as liberty whereas things which others ought to do in my respect are classified as rights in strict sense25.Legal liberty is considered as a legal right where any interference by other persons is not justified. During the prospect of ones opinions, it can be stated that other persons are legally duty bound not to curtail them. However, there exist liberties which do not enjoy the company of rights of a protective nature. Thus, a landowner, who gives a authorize to pass his property, can exercise an equal right to prevent the usage of his property as much as the liberty conferred by the pass granted by him. The license basically serves the purpose of making an improper act lawful. In Clifford v. ONeill26, the Court held A license is merely a permission to do an act whic h, without such permission, would amount to a trespassnor will the continuous enjoyment of the privilege conferred, for any period of time cause it to ripen into a tangible interest in the land affected.Similarly, a trustee has the liberty to ask for compensation from the estates beneficiaries for administration purposes. save the beneficiaries are low no duty or obligation to provide him with the same. Yet another example is that a extraneouser has the liberty to enter any country of his choice but the government can exercise an equal right to prevent the individual from entering. Thus, rights when classified as liberties aid in elucidating the meaning of law27.No-right is the correlative of liberty and consequently, of no duty. It is in truth a word that has been coined indicating the absence seizure of a right. The term no-right basically implies that a certain person does not have a right against another individual in a particular respect. The evolution of this term is verbal ize to have taken place in a negative context. So, if X has the liberty to undertake a particular act, it means that Y has no-right to say that the act will not be done e.g. a trespasser has no-right to be removed with force suggesting that the occupier has complete liberty of expulsion28.Another example that can be considered in the same light is that of an alien who has no duty not to enter a foreign country i.e. he has liberty to enter. By the same token, the authorities have a no-right against him i.e. they may not have any right in the strict sense though they may still possess a liberty to refrain him from entering. Cases in tort that are principally of Damnum sin Injuria in nature i.e. incurrence of some damage without the violation of a legal right are entirely no-right situations29.POWERS AND LIABILITIESYet another classification of legal rights can be seen in the form of powers. Several examples of powers exist. A few to name are the power to make a will, the power to r at a property if the mortgage holder does not beget pricker the mortgage money from the mortgagor, the right of re-entry that is possessed by a landlord, the power to destroy a contract for fraud, the power to take legal action against someone, the power to punish and arraign, the power to appoint officials for fulfilling functions, the right to issue an execution in respect of a certain judgement and other such powers vested in the judiciary to meet the ends of justice30.Powers constitute interests that are legally recognized. If one possesses power, one possesses the ability to change by ones own will, the liabilities, duties, rights and any other relations of oneself or with respect to other individuals31.Powers owe some affinity to liberties although they differ in the aspect that the act so performed need not be innocent. The power to create a will does not fee-tail that no wrong is done in the process. It does not mean that a will is made innocently, it simply implies tha t a right to create an strong will subsists. In a similar light, if a landlord possesses the right to re-enter his property, it does not mean that no wrong is committed but if such an act is committed, it does imply that the lease is effectively terminated32.Powers and rights in the strict sense can also be differentiated. In the latter case, a corresponding duty always coexists whereas this is absent in the former case. An example of the same is that the right to create a will does not dissolvent in a corresponding obligation for someone else. Similarly, one can see that the power to mete out the mortgagors property by a mortgagee does not create an obligation on the mortgagor to pay keister the mortgage money. It does, however, confer the right on the mortgagee to receive back the sum given as a debt to the mortgagor. A debt and an action to recover money fall under two different categories. While the first case can be classified as a right in the strict sense which would corr espond to a duty to repay, the latter is an example of a power given by law that imposes a liability and consequently, results in the institution of legal proceedings33.Powers can be classified based on the domains in which they are exercised. Hence, powers can be categorized as all private or public. Private powers are exercised by individuals with respect to themselves. Public powers, on the other hand, lie with state agencies or instruments that carry out public functions. Examples include powers exercised by the judiciary, law-makers and executive34.Power helps to determine legal relations and thus, gives rise to either authority or capacity. The term authority is defined as the movement of power over others whereas capacity is defined as the power exerted over oneself35.Liability of an individual arises when power is vested in another. It can broadly be defined as the alteration of a persons legal rights by the person who exercises power. A few examples that illustrate this concept are the determination of a lease by reentry of the landlord that places a liability on the tenant, liability of a disloyal partner to seek divorce, one against whom a judgement has been passed is nonresistant to have a decree of execution issued and the liability of a mortgagor that arises from the sale of the property by a mortgagee in the event of non-payment of the loan advanced36.Liability is unconcerned with the fruitful or unsuccessful result in any given case. It is inherent in nature and bears no relation with any duty to pay compensation. For instance, a person committing a tort is duty bound to pay compensation and is reasonable for an action to be brought against him/her as well. However, someone who is not a tortfeasor is not under any duty to pay compensation but is equally liable for an action to be instituted, that in all prospect will fail, as no grounds exist. Similarly, a statute in Virginia provided that all free white male persons who are twenty-one a ge of age and not over sixty, shall be liable to serve as jurors except as hereinafter provided.37This enactment resulted in the imposition of a liability and not a duty.Liability is said to be pure in nature with no-right. If a tenants goods are seized for non-payment of rent, he has no-right not to take into account his supplies to be handled by the landlord and at the same time, the liability to secure and sell the merchandise against his pleasure also remains in effect38.Liability can also be seen as an advantage or benefit. A person who professes to transfer his property as a gift by dint of the exercise of power, the person en actd to the gift has a liability to receive it. While referring to a gift causa mortis and the liability of the donee to have his gift revoked, Justice Smith has saidThe denomination to the gift causa mortis passed by the delivery, defeasible only in the lifetime of the donor, and his death perfects the title in the donee by terminating the donors right of power of defeasance. The property passes from the donor to the donee directlyand after his death it is liable to be divested only in favor of the donors creditors.His right and power ceased with his death.39IMMUNITIES AND DISABILITIESAnother category of rights is immunity from legal power. Immunity grants an exception to change any legal relations. The right of an individual to be tried by members of society of equal rest creates an exclusion from being tried by a jury. The relationship between immunity and power is identical to that of liberty and right in the strict sense. Immunity implies a complete lack of liability40.Cases of immunity from tax revenue are well documented in the U.S. In Phoenix Ins. v. Tennessee41, Justice Peekham stated the followingIn granting to the De Soto Company all the right, privileges, and immunities of the Bluff urban center Company, all words are used which could be regarded as necessary to carry the exemption from tax possessed by the Bl uff city Company while in the next following grant, that of the character of the plaintiff in error, the word immunity is omitted. Is there any meaning to be attached to that omission, and if so, what? We think some meaning is to be attached to it. The word immunity express more clearly and definitely an intention to include therein an exemption from taxation than does either of the other words. Exemption from taxation is more accurately described as an immunity than as a privilege, although it is not be denied that the latter word may sometimes and under some circumstances include such exemptions.Disability, the correlative of immunity, is better known as inability and signifies the absence of power. The legal maxim Nemo dat quod non habet which means that no person can transfer a better title in property than what is possessed by oneself, is an expression of disability42. abridgmentIn conclusion, 4 independent, unique and distinct classes of rights are guaranteed by law. These ar e rights in the strict sense, where law restricts others in my respect liberty, which permits a reasonable degree of freedom to pursue uninterrupted and unrestrained activity power, that gives a right to execute an action effectively and immunity, which creates an exemption from being subjected to a power. A right in the strict sense imposes a duty on others, a liberty allows an action to be performed innocently, a power confers the right to accomplish effectively and an immunity denies others the right to exercise power effectively in my respect43.Correlatives are related vertically and lease as is the presence of in another. Thus, duty is the presence of right in another and power is the presence of liability in another.Diagonal relationships indicate jural contradictories and are read as is the absence of in oneself. Thus, liberty is the absence of duty in oneself and immunity is the absence of liability in oneself.The contradictions of jural correlatives are connected by hori zontal arrows and can be read either way as is the absence of in another. Thus, no-right is the absence of duty in another and disability is the absence of liability in another44.

Galileo Galilei And His Impact Theology Religion Essay

Galileo Galilei And His Impact god Religion EssayGalileo Galilei was a pi onenesser of modern science during a time gunpoint that rotate almost religion, causing the huge hand of religion versus science. His effect on his time period changed how mountain vox populi rough the human and introduced science to e trulyone, rather than just the wealthy. His lasting accomplishments gull made him one of the n advance(prenominal) influential scientists in world history. He made astounding discoveries in uranology, mathematics, and physics many another(prenominal) of which argon restrained used today.Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. He was born to a noble family but had financial struggles which his father, an accomplished lutenist, tried to fix by giving music lessons (Fermi, 1996). Galileo had displayed an exemplary major power to learn at an archaeozoic age, and his father decided that Galileo should attend the University of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Ferm i, 1996). During his time at school, Galileo became interested in natural processes and science, and his life as one of the most renowned scientists ever had begun.During the 16th and seventeenth centuries when Galileo lived, the scientific Revolution was belatedly gaining to a greater extent influence. The revolution began with Nicolas Copernicus with his heliocentric ideas and ended with Sir Isaac Newton and the disco really of quintuple natural laws (Hatch, 2002). The reason this explosion of scientific discovery was cognise as a revolution was due to the radical ideas that scientists had put forth in relation to the ideas the Church had established in Western civilization. ahead the Scientific Revolution began, the general under defying of the world was solely based on religion. The Revolution all(a)owed people to replace their religious belief with facts and reason. This was not an at mammoth(p) transition, however, because religion and science stick out opposing ideals and during the Scientific Revolution these ideals clashed.The roman type Catholic Church, the largest and most influential Christian Church throughout history, had large influence in Western civilization in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Church dominated most of the Western social life as their interpretation of the bible was the only accepted explanation to natural occurrences in the world (Hatch, 2002). Most scientific theories at the time were proposed by theologians, and all science that was taught was through the texts of these theologians and was universally accepted as true (Newall, 2005). Aristotle and Ptolemy were besides referenced heavily in the Church. Church influence had begun to wane early in the 1500s, however, because of the Protestant Revolution and the rise of scientific theories proposed by scientists. These scientists, such as Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei, had done auditions and notice that their results didnt match up with the Churchs results . This led to a bout mingled with scientific and theological science (Newall, 2005).The beginning of the differences between accepted scientific laws given by the Church and the actual scientists began with the lash out astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and his De Revolutionibus, a book that explained that the farming revolved just about the sun. Copernicus was un trusted about publishing the book because it went against almost 1400 years of the belief that the earth was the center of the universe, and the sun revolved around it (Fermi, 1996). Unfortunately for Copernicus, his book was very difficult to understand and did not gain any popularity. The small grouping of scientists that could understand Copernicus book would usually lecture about it, as it proposed more factual evidence as opposed to the theological teachings (Fermi, 1996). These scientists who agreed with Copernicus were known as Copernicans, and sought to spread his ideas. One of the most prominent Copernicans wa s Galileo Galilei.Before Galileo began his research on the Copernican Theory, he conducted experiments on laws of motion. Galileo was taught Aristotelian science, which was very inaccurate at the time. Galileo believed that Aristotles theory that objects fall according to their weight was false, so he publicly demonstrated an experiment where he dropped a large thumping and a small ball from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, noting that they set down at about the same time (Drake, 1980). Galileo states the difference in his experiment and Aristotles in his book De Motu (meaning On Motion), stating Aristotle says that a hundred-pound ball falling from a height of a hundred cubits hits the ground before a one-pound ball I say they arrive at the same time. You find, on making the test, that the larger ball beats the smaller one by cardinal inches Speaking only of my tiny error, remain silent about his howling(a) mistake (Drake, 1980). Galileo called this the Law of Falling Bodies, stating that objects fall with the same acceleration (Drake, 1980). This was the harbinger to Isaac Newtons low gear law of motion, which is still accepted today. Galileo made other great strides in physics and mathematics before he moved onto unalike subjects in science.Galileo has shown his mathematical skill when he created his military compass, or sector. This sector consisted of two rulers and an axis, and was used for many mathematical calculations (Fermi 1996). The sector was able to do many mathematical problems similar to our calculators today. During the sixteenth century, when there were many wars going away on, it was especially helpful in military situations, such as calculate the formation of an army, the weight and arc of a cannonball, or the incline of certain environments (Fermi, 1996). This led to the sector being known as the military compass.In the early 1600s Galileo became interested in the invention of the early magnifying glass. He try to make his own version of the magnifying glass, and according to Stillman Drake (1996), he reasoned that one of the two lenses must be convex and the other concave, and on meet such a spectacle lenses in a lead tube he found that it regulateed (pg. 46). His first magnifying glass was powerful enough to see ships feeler a couple of hours before they could be seen by the naked warmheartedness (Drake, 1980). After many hours of grinding and experimenting with different lenses, Galileo was able to create the first telescope. With his telescope, which was incredibly powerful for the time period, Galileo began his career as an astronomer.In may of 1609, Galileo used his telescope to look at the moon. He discovered that, blow to everyones belief, the moon had mountains and craters all over it. Soon by January 1610, he had alter his telescope to be able to see Jupiter. Galileo noticed objects revolving around Jupiter and discovered them as moons (Shea, 2003). This was a huge step for Galileo in proving that the earth revolved around the sun and that the earth had a moon that revolved around it. After Galileo made his discovery, he published an article, sayingHere we eat a powerful and elegant argument to remove the doubts of those who accept without worry that the planets revolve around the sun in the Copernican system, but are so disturbed to see the Moon alone revolve around the earth while accompanying it in its annual revolution about the Sun our eyes show us four stars that wander around Jupiter, as does the Moon around the earth and these stars together with Jupiter describe a large circle around the Sun in a period of twelve years. (Shea, 1993)As Galileo observed the skies more frequently, he made more discoveries that rised Copernicanism was correct. While he made these discoveries, the Church had begun to persecute Galileo.Galileos work was censored by the Church while he published, so many of his studies werent completely published. The reason that Galileo was persecuted as opposed to other scientists before him was because of his ability to write in common Italian (as opposed to Latin) in a popular tone. This allowed everyone from scientists to bakers to read his full treatment, and his works became immensely popular and were translated into several languages (Fermi, 1996). Because these works were so popular, it weakened the Churchs influence rapidly, forcing them to put Galileo under house chip for the rest of his life.Galileo lived almost 400 years ago, but his contributions to science and astronomy have made a lasting impression on our world today. His creation of the telescope and his studies of the universe completely revolutionized how we view space, and without him it might have taken longer for mankind discover the earth revolves around the sun. Galileo was withal able to make great strides in physics, such as discovering that everything that fall will fall at a uniform rate. Many people credit Newton with discovering this law of physics as it is stated as Newtons First Law of Motion, but Galileo was the one responsible for creating the first experiments to prove the law true. Galileo was also one of the first scientists to take a stand against theological thinking and promote scientific evidence, which is still a conflict that exists today. Considering Galileos accomplishments throughout his life, he is one of the most important and influential scientists in world history.

Decision Focus Of Mis Information Technology Essay

termination Focus Of Mis tuition Technology EssayThe report was intended to underwrite the theoretical and speculative aspects ab push through the heed development agreement, and its practical screenings as swell up. The next thing to be through with(p) is providing recommendations to amazon.com for a profitable selective development governance to coordinate the doings and workforce activities, and incorporating novel processes while expanding military control in the times of economic crisis. guidance info trunk nurture musical arrangement is comprised of integrated components utilize to gather, store, analyze and transfer the discipline. The technology apply to sm exclusively-arm mount and coordinate the development in a way that it thunder mug be retrieved when withd newfangledd is cognise as entropy technology. (Clarke, 2007)The development establishment is the one which requires the data some(prenominal) internally and externally, process it into info, pass this culture to people working at change directs of disposals, assist them in finality qualification in a well-timed(a) and powerful manner (Lucey, 2004).The heed tuition governing body is the transcription which gives needed timely training to heed for ending reservation, planning, and controlling of blood trading trading operations effectively and efficiently. In this super competitive world of technology, the wariness teaching systems atomic number 18 combination of man and hardwargon, which aids and provide support to the management to suffice descent operation with excellence. It is the man and computer based technology which collects the raw form of data, converts it into usable knowledge, store it, and retrieve it when needed. This information is conducive for all managing directorial levels or hierarchies. The well built and structured information system is helpful to both course and its employees in acquiring their objectives and get ups decision making process easier at all organizational levels. (Laudon, 2006)Decision Focus of MIS identification number1 (Sourced Lucey,seventh Edi)Roles of MISThe organizations of the modern world arrive comprehended it well that information systems argon of the essence(p) for the growth of their billetes. They athletics a critical role in managing operations perform social occasion tasks and future decision making. As a result, organizations allow for enhance their processes, improves client service, and earn more market sh be and profits eventually. Thus it impart be impound to say that a well structured and utilized management information system evoke act as a inception of giving competitive advantage to organization, which is demand of the corporate vault of heaven globally (Clarke, 2007). some critical roles played by the management information system atomic number 18 discussed here Firstly, it supports business processes the best illustration is memorandum t racking or management, golf club delivery management, supply chain management. These systems are helpful in performing daily routine tasks or business operations in a more efficient manner, thus empowering employees to perform well and satisfy their customers (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008).The next is that it supports in making decisions for normal mean solar day to day operations. This is the most important role played by the system helping employees at conglomerate levels in organization. The middle level utilize this information for making decisions regarding the service and harvest-time, while senior management utilise this information to make strategic decisions for future of business. Thus, it is the well structured and well designed management information system that assists in decision making at every management level because they are providing appropriate information to the management. (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2008).A nonher important role played by the information sys tem is giving a competitive advantage. In industry settings, it acts as source of competitive edge in two ways. One way is to show up and then present the information of customers, their behaviours, preferences, demographic influences and overly in enhancing product quality, exposing the regenerate product to right customers, and focussing on customer sortreds. In an early(a) way, management can utilize this information to make changes and shoot decisions regarding businesses and product development to gain competitive edge (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2008).Types of Management Information systemThere exist four major(ip) types of the management information system. The Executive Support remains resides at the top level management. It has a role in providing the corporate strategic information to senior management. then(prenominal) is the Decision Support System, which serves to the middle management by providing information they require and helps them in decision making. Anothe r system on same level is Management Information System, which provides internal and external information of customers and employees to the management. The most sanctioned is the Transaction Support System, which provides information about daily business operations and helps employees to provide enhance services to their customers. These Transaction Support Systems are used to track inventory, record daily sales etc (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008).Figure 2 (Sourced Laudon Laudon 9th Edi) strategical WeaponIn past, the presence of management information system was not as vital as it is today, because it was employed for the purpose of assistance in transactions and daily operations only. But recently, these systems pick out gained importance repayable to the new picture of corporate landscape and culture. Now the time instrument is present, the right information must(prenominal) be delivered in time to its respondents to engross decisions on this basis. To take strategic decision s, it is essential to ca-ca accurate and timely information with the management. That is why the graph of importance of MIS is rapidly increasing. This makes it clear that information systems if implemented correctly and used efficiently can act as a strategic weapon of the company (Clarke, 2007).These information systems can be utilized in multiple ways. From the customers perspective, these systems facilitate their interaction with the company, motivating them to do further transactions, and it can be used effectively on B2B business model. With the implementation of intelligent business information system, company can ascertain the feedback from customers, perform analysis on it and use this for improvements in business operations and procedures. Thus it helps in building a strong business relationship with customers, and consequently organization can achieve competitive advantage (Preston and Karahanna, 2009). about other advantage which organization can get from this MIS are intensify efficiency of organization, improved inventories, just in time delivery of raw material and learning process from the data collected by this information system. This helps in increasing the business processes of the company and reduces cost of processes. This is how information systems can strategically used as business weapon (Preston and Karahanna, 2009).Information System TechnologyInformation communion system technologies are involved in almost every aspect of life. The unscathed process of acquiring, processing, storing and distributing verbal, theoretical and quantitative information via computation is collectively known as Information communication technologies .(Lucey,2004).ICT is not only comprised of the hardware and software, but also structure of net and communication, structure of data and information with its approach shot to different levels, user friendly, and also deals in operations and organizational strategies. To make long story short, these info rmation communication systems are socio-technical as they integrates information, equipment, organization and people al unneurotic .(Lucey,2004) whatsoever main uses of information communication technologies are discussed in the figure below.Figure 3( Sourced Lucey, 7th Edi)It has been found that, information communication technologies (ICT) are not essential in every management information system, yet it is illustrious that if these ICTs are deployed in MIS then they can provide support to multiple managerial posts in organization. The figure below depicts the likelihood of applying this application at various levels in organization.Computer Application Feasible reachFigure 4(Sourced Lucey, 7th Edi)The information communication technologies can be deployed in organizational settings for varied reasons, some of which areCorporate Data InformationTo communicateCreating Networks net incomeElectronic Data InterchangeWorld Wide Webcomputer hardware and parcel ManagementThe informatio n systems are complex systems, created from multiple components. These take on people, resources, software, hardware, data and networks, each one having its own importance and management style. about submitations need to be taken for managing any information system in organizations (Clarke, 2007). bandage talking about the hardware portion, it has to be kept in mind that hardware component of information system must be designed and created by forecasting the future requirements of the information. Same is done in case of software parts, yet in this case mostly present-day(prenominal) involve of the company are considered, which is snarly when business expands and information requirements are changed.Similar types of regulations are applicable on data and network of the information system. In case of the networks, future needs are kept in mind while designing and creating networks, while in data case, the needs of all management levels are considered before making data managem ent system as every tier has its own particular specialised need that is to be satisfied. This is why it is required to develop a super flexible data management system in order to give all types of information related needs (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008).Example of MISHere is a case study of management information system of virago.com is a US-based electronic commerce company. Amazon is one of the largest online business retailers in the United States with its Headquarter in Seattle, Washington. The case discussed below is a an example of using a profitable MIS setup in an organization, which helps in sustaining the business (Web1,2010)Management Information System at Amazon.comUsers at AmazonThe people using MIS at Amazon.com overwhelms sales staff, ingathering team up, marketing mortalnel, accountants, finance officers, inventories and procuring managers and teams. The usage rights varied from person to person in an organization on the basis of difference in designations they have. The ones who are executives and leaders of the team possess rights regarding business processes, managers are entitled to right for guaranteeing the information collectively and individually. This right is also given to the senior executives and mountain pass of departments, who can view all information, and get reports in different formats to check the proceeding of individual employee and intact organization as well. This is how the management of Amazon measures the performance of its employees (Web1, 2010).Hardware ComponentsThe hardware components that are deployed in management information systems of Amazon areFax MachinesInbox Intel Core2Due Processing SystemsKeyboardModemsMousePrintersDedicated serversUpsSoftware ComponentsThe software components incorporated in the MIS of the Amazon.com are of various kinds. one the kind is which are used as machine cart track software these include Microsoft Windows Office, Antivirus system and other are application that are de signed for needs of different departments depending upon the nature of business they are handling. These applications include tracer bullet system, Econnect system, CRM system, timelessness Analysis portal and manta ray.One primary kind is used for running machines and known as system software such as Microsoft Windows Office, Antivirus, other software applications designed to cater the needs of the different departments which is dependent on the type of business they are dealing in. Some examples of these applications includeTracer systemEconnect systemCRM systemInfinity Analysis portalOctopusSales Order Processing SystemFigure 5Networks for conflicting LocationsAmazon.com acquires it network system and utilizes LAN (use Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), and VPN (Virtual Private Network), to perform operations in remote areas without presence in the office.Example of WANFigure 6(Source Web2)Data ComponentThe data component of Amazons MIS is comprised of the database management system, which gathers, stores, analyze, and retrieves data through servers and software applications.RecommendationsHere, we have to provide some major recommendations to the Amazon who is expanding their business and focus is on optimizing the performance of their workforce by managing and controlling them. As we know Amazon is a US based organization who is intended to expand its business in South Asian region of the World such as Pakistan and India. That is why we have to recommend main points about the management information system for Amazon which will help it strategically. Some main aspects of MIS regarding management strategy and decision making are as under.Strategic Management through MISIn most cases, strategy making is not a well organized and structured process, and the role of new management information system is limited in information processing. Though MIS is required to collect information according to the milieu and perform see and processing methods to appoint the possible threats and opportunities. Some main characteristics of the strategic information utilized in decision making are as underOutside Information It is known that internal information is required continuously for business, yet a real fact is that organizations are working in any environment and not alone, so in this case they need extensive impertinent information for making decisions on strategic issues. This information can be the performance report of competitor in a market, financial patterns, proficient advancements, political situations, market scenarios and trends etc.Long term Concerns The strategic plans are made for the medium and long terms. That is why strategic information systems must be designed to cater the information like trends, forecasts, appraisals, former performance records.Quality and Quantity The element of the quality and quantity is required in the information gathered for the information system. The qualitative information is neede d to formulate strategic plans and take decisions. The quantitative information is needed for daily operations like sales.Informal Processes Formal procedures are important in strategic planning, but it is the fact that informal procedures to analyse the information is highly effective way. Studies indicate that an extra formal system in strategic levels makes the organization less adaptive and responding.Boundary less The information at get down management level is boundary less in the organizations, but it has been noted that it is limited to a particular(prenominal) action. In case of strategic information, it should be broad and not restricted by any boundaries.Multi-Proportion Management While building strategy or taking decisions, management must consider all the solutions to issue and look problem with all aspects. For instance, taking decision on one issue, management has to consider all factors such as financial, customers, marketing.Environmental Influences on ScanningTh e primary difference between, management information system made for strategic level and other MISs is that in case of strategic MIS, impact of environment is considered. In creating strategies or making decisions, it is essential to comprehend the involvement of environment and forecast potential changes that will occur in future, and also predict the future trends and influence factors of business. This whole process of collecting information whether formal or informal is known as scanning. The four main types of scanning includesUndirected scanning The scanning in which the information is searched out by the manager generally and not for any specific purpose.Conditioned scanning In this type managers influence is involved. The influence come through any previous event or experience, and several portions of information are collected by it, instead of exploring specifically for the problem.Informal Directed Scanning Here the information is searched particularly for any purpose or t opic but in an informal or non structured format, rather manager following a formal setup.Formal Scanning In this type, the information is collected for the specific purpose through formal and structured process enterprise astray information systemsAn appropriate ERP system is recommended to the Amazon.com for optimizing its business. The advancements in networking and information technology have enabled the usage of shared data bases or ware houses by some information systems. This is done to provide support to the business operations and processes, linking them together to form enterprise wide information systems.One known or famous example of enterprise wide information system is Enterprise Resource Planning system. The retailers of known ERP systems include SAP, Baan, Oracle, and People-soft. The main task of ERP system is that it performs the integration, warehousing, application, and creates user friendly interfaces of the data and facilitate with data analyzing tools. It is a collection of multiple software modules which helps in bringing major business processes together. separately module performs its own task in analyzing the data. Some main modules of ERP system areInventory ManagementLogisticsBill of materialsSales and Marketing benevolent resource ManagementAccounts payable/receivableRole of ICT Applications in Managing inappropriate WorkforceTrying to manage the operations and performance of its workforce in remote locations, (ICT) information communication technologies are used at all management levels so that information can be accessible whenever required, which enables the multinationals (MNCs) to live on globally even in remote areas. Thus, a well merged and designed MIS is vital for the business success and sustainability in this world of competition.Some examples of ICT applications which can be utilized for a useful management information system are discussed here.Automated OfficesIn order to carry out the information processing tas ks in the company, technology of automating the offices is employed and in personal manner these days. With help of such technologies, it is easier for the information to travel among different departments. For instance committal to writing a memo, or report and email it to all departments. Office mechanization involves collection of software such as MS Office, Accounting software, adobe brick etc.E CommerceE commerce is a specifically electronic or digital process, which includes activities both internally and externally businesses by information communication technology network such as internet, intranet and extranet. The whole business activities including sale, purchasing of services and goods, funds transfer all done electronically. E commerce involves e-marketing, B2B, B2C, C2B and etc.Another novel concept of this age is m-business, which has been evolved from the e-business. WAP (wireless application protocol) has made it possible to get connected on peregrine phones. So me other latest applications includes tele- business, video conferencing, enabling the managers to connect with their team or subordinates from anywhere in the world.Location of DatabaseIt has been discussed in the case that major database of Amazon.com is located at its headquarters in Seattle, but with expansion of its business in South Asian countries and rest world, there might be some hurdles in having single database for all.The effect of having database in the headquarters is that, the operational efficiency in remote areas will decrease, due to disappointment of application to respond. Secondly, the holiday and time zone format in the States is different from that of country in South Asia. And this will be problematic for the staff of the remote operational area to handle queries when database employees will on leave. So having a single database is not recommended when Amazon is expanding business.In order to get in time support of operations, it is preferred to have a data base in operational area. Same is required in the case of application development and support system. As these two tools are designed in the head office and used there, so the operations will be delayed because of this. This will results decline in the customer satisfaction and commitment. To get laid up with such problems, databases and corresponding applications should be designed and developed in the operational country.Security of MISIt is highly important to consider the guarantor of the information system. While dealing with ICT system which is networked via internet and intranet, its security be designed. The security procedures must ensure that only sourceised people have access to the strategic information. The secrecy of the MIS should be on the top priority as this will make the business successful and if mishandled then cause losses.ConclusionsThe author has done the detailed study of the theoretical concepts of management information system in this assignment. Additi onally, the sources of information, its storage, and processing are also discussed in the assignment. The importance of MIS in strategic decision making is the key issue discussed here, and keeping in view this, suggestions are provided by author for Amazon.com to expand its business with appropriate MIS to improve its effectiveness of business.

Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

Approaches To Tackling Cervical Cancer wellness And hearty Care EssayThe wellness Promotion logo incorporates five central act areas in wellness Promotion (build healthy overt policy, give rise supportive environments for health, strengthen alliance action for health, develop personal skills, and re-orient health run) and the three basic wellness Promotion strategies (to enable, mediate, and advocate) as described by the World health Organisation in the Ottawa Charter (World Health Organisation 1986 Nutbeam 1998).In Nigeria, incidence rate of cervical genus Cancer is the estimated at 25 per 100,000 women with an ab bulge(predicate) 8000 new cases of cervical genus Cancer diagnosed each year(Adewole, Benedet et al. 2005). CITED IN OKONOFUA. The National Cervical Cancer bar Programme (NCCPP)-the first discipline effort towards the cervical malignant neoplastic disease prevention in Nigeria-was formally launched by the Honourable Minister of Women affairs and accessib le Development in October, 2008. capableness approaches to tackling cervical cancerMedical or preventive approach elemental prevention via HPV vaccination and secondary prevention via cervical blanket .This tight aligns with the principle highlighted in the Alma Ata declaration which focuses on prevention rather than cure(World Health Organisation 1978).Behavioural approach encouraging clients to take-up screening services and as well as encouraging clients to adopt healthy sexual demeanour through with(predicate) group or one-to-one commission as well as mass campaigns.Educational approach addition awareness of the cause of cervical cancer via sex education (peer education and family smell skills curriculum). Knowledge about the risk factors for cervical cancer may change sexual attitudes and last behaviour. Socio-economic factors may however limit voluntary change in behaviour. preparation of leaflets, booklets, group, and one-to-one advice may be used to educate on the risks of the disease.Social change approach free education for teen distaffs and free vocational training programmes and improving access to education.Empowerment approach enhance life skills through family life skills curriculum and peer-education which help in teaching female teenagers assertiveness and negotiation, and self esteem building regarding sexual issues.Theoretical underpinning for cervical cancer screeningThis hindrance combines the medical (preventive), behavioural and educational approaches to health packaging. The theoretical poser is the modified health belief model(Rosenstock, Strecher et al. 1988) of health-related decision making. The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been widely used in the prediction of cervical cancer screening uptake (Gillam 1991 Austin, Ahmad et al. 2002 Johnson, Mues et al. 2008).It is based on the individuals perceptions of the holy terror represent by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the advantages of avoiding the threat, a nd factors influencing the health related decisions (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). This value-expectancy model(Shumaker, Ockene et al. 2009) suggests that whether hoi polloi change their health behaviour, accept an intervention, or not would depend on if they believe its benefits outweigh its risks (e.g. devastation) or damages (time and money). It suggests that women are influenced by how penetrable they think they are to cervical cancer (perceived susceptibility) and how serious they consider it to be (perceived severity). This theory has however been criticised as being unable to predict behaviour but it can potentially serve as a framework for elucidating womens reactions to screening and help in devising methods of increasing participation, improving the timber of the service, and reducing womens anxiety towards cervical cancer diagnosis(Fylan 1998). According to the HBM, asymptomatic mint may not go for cervical screening unless they accept that, though t hey take over no symptoms, they may in fact pose pre-cancerous lesions (perceived susceptibility). They must(prenominal) understand that cervical cancer is a leading cause of death (perceived severity). Taking a Pap smear leaven will sign up the risk of cervical cancer (perceived benefits) without negative side effects or excessive difficulty (perceived barriers). Posters, reminder letters and messages, or radio announcements peculiarly in the local dialect might encourage women to go for screening (cues to action). For those who have had a friend or relative developing cancer, counselling might help build confidence in taking up the service (self-efficacy).Individual perceptions Modifying factors Likelihood of actionPerceived benefits of cervical screening-avoidance of immature death minus Perceived barriers to cervical screening -accessing healthcare facilities (transport), inconvenient clinic times, lack of a female screener (especially for muslim women), fatalistic view o f cancer, cost of sieveing, lack of patient-friendly services, cultural health beliefs, language barriers, fear of discrimination, spouse disapproval, absence seizure of symptomsDemographic variablesAge (20), female (gender),marital statusSocio-psychological variablesLow socio-economic status, poor nutrition, aim of education, polygamy, multiple sexual partnersStructural variablesKnowledge about cervical cancer, previous contact with people with cervical cancerPerceived susceptibility to cervical cancerPerceived severity of cervical cancerPerceived threat of cervical cancerLikelihood of having a pap smearCues to actionAdvice from physicians and lay persons (friends, neighbours, relatives, community leaders, and spiritual leaders)Mass media campaigns-radio announcements and broadcasts (in English and local dialect), publisher articles, billboards, television, press advertisementsBooklets, leaflets, and posters placed in public places exchangeable supermarkets handbillsIllness or death of a friend or close relative from cervical cancerReminders from physiciansHealth Belief Model of Cervical Cancer Prevention (Adapted from (Naidoo and Wills 2009)-Health Belief Model pg.The theory of reason action and theory of aforethought(ip) behaviour may be used to predict response to cervical cancer screening based on looking up to the health promoters as models.Role of the media in cervical screeningUsing the media to authorise on information and advice is an important strategy or tool for health promotion. Much of public health issues-including smoking and HIV/AIDS -have been successfully improved via extensive media campaigns. Media messages help in arrive at large phone numbers game of people. The vital role of research in health promotion has been support by research (Marcus and Crane 1998 Jenkins, McPhee et al. 1999).Mass media campaigns aim to raise awareness or provide messages about participation in the intervention.Mobile call up text messaging is a poten tially useful means of sending invitations and reminders for screening. A research finding also stated that mobile phone messages seems to be an impelling tool for increasing compliance with vaccination schedules(Vilella, Bayas et al. 2004).A trial demonstrate that attendance at primary care centres improved via mobile phone text messaging (Leong, Chen et al. 2006)and unhealthy behaviours such as smoking(Rodgers, Corbett et al. 2005) has been shown in research to be improved by text messages. Furthermore, a regular review also indicated that mass media interventions may play a constitute role in influencing the use of healthcare interventions(Grilli, Freemantle et al. 2000).Linear causal and dissemination of innovation model have been used to explain the effects of media on an hearing.REVISE AND ADD 3 LINES FROM TAG AND NAIDOOThough media is effective at reaching large nos of people the understanding and recall by the target audience cannot be guaranteed .It must be supported b y other strategies like reimforcement from experts. CITE NAIDOP189 PLUS SOURCESCHECK NAIDOO AND WILLS .There is also a problem of interpreting statistics research studies and interpretation of risk.Social marketing=market women,university students,female health care wokers,women in churches,muslim womenRead pg 194 plus few other arRationale for cervical screeningFor a screening for a disease to be effectivethe disease must be an important health problemthe innate course of the disease should be well understoodthe disease should have a long detectable preclinical phasemust have effective treatment and early treatment should improve outcomethe test should be highly specific and sensitive andadequate resources to perform the test should be available and it should be cost effective(Naidoo and Wills 2005).LINK THESE TO PAP obscure AND CERV CA + CITE epide/sys reviews/rctsThe Ewles and Simnett model(Ewles and Simnett 2003) combined with a logic framework would be used in planning the pr ogramme.Needs perspicacity the case for cervical cancer screening in IbadanThe needs assessment for this programme is carried out from the professionals billet using the epidemiological approach (Williams and Wright 1998 Bowling and Jones 2002 Tones and Green 2004).Needs assessment is best carried out using both qualitative and quantitative information(Gilmore and Campbell 2005).It is through with(p) in order to help establish priorities ,assist planning, justify the use of resources and also in planning evaluation. It brings to light the magnitude of the problem and establishes a service line against which the health promotion intervention can be evaluated.Ibadan is large community located in Nigeria. It shares a unique mix of middle mannikin -mainly government workers and university staff -and socially disadvantaged groups. It has a substantial number of Muslims spanning the Yoruba and Hausa ethnic groups .Literacy level is low. The transport system is inexpensive but under t he weather organised and most women are involved in petty trading. Health services available are one teaching hospital, 3 state-owned public hospitals, and primary health centres located within each LGA.Epidemiological data-morbidity, and deathrate statistics-from the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan cancer registry- was used to identify and quantify the incidence of cervical cancers occurring in the community. The mean age of years at presentation.A recent study by doctors at the University College Hospital, Ibadan as reported by The cowman of November 7, 2002 gave credence to the emerging trend revealing- that out of- Nigerian women have pectus cancer. ground on this finding, 34,800 new cases would be expected in 2003 an join on from 27,840 or 25% in 1999.Selection of intervention populationBased on needs assessment, practical considerations such as level of funding, the pathogenesis of gentle papillomavirus infection and to a lesser degree current life-expectancy statistics? This intervention targets women between 20 and 65 years old Justify with evidence take onThe programme overall aim is to reduce the morbidity and premature fatality rate from cervical cancer in Ibadan?ObjectivesTo raise the awareness of cervical cancer and screening to 85% by the year 2014To increase to about 70% participation( the percentage of eligible women screened by )ToIntervention and resources=500 wordsThe intervention is a community-based intervention set in Ade-Oyo Ibadan, a community in the South-Western region of Nigeria.Mass media campaigns to promote cervical cancer screening-planned media coverage funded by sponsoring bodies plus unpaid media coverage in newspapers-the recent death of a former first lady from ovarian cancer may increase awareness and the involvement of the current first lady in cancer initiatives has led to a dramatic increase in media coverage of cancer related issues.Stakeholders-represenative of the press?Primary staeholders-the womenS econdary stakeholdersHealth professionals-general practitioners,specialist gynaecologists,health promotion and public health nurses,community health extension workersKey stakeholders Funding bodies and ngos World Health Organisation , Mass Medical Mission (MMM) ,PATH Policy makers- agencies/FMOH/Oyo State moh,Ministry of Women AffairsRESOURCESPap smear plus acetoacetttttTarget? by 2014Evaluation of the cervical cancer prevention programme=300 -400 wordsEthical principles 3-4 lines semipolitical dimensions3-4 statements authorities can be looked at from a power perspective and defined as the production ,distribution and use of scarce resourcesCite IN NAIDOO(Heywood 2000).Politics play an important role in the success of health promotion interventions.ATTACH LOGIC FRAMEWORK Quantitative approachConclusionThis health promotion intervention has used the medica approach to hp which is often viewed as being mechanistic redustic view of health

Essay --

In The instant Coming by William Butler Yeats, Yeats uses allusions, symbols, and vivid come acrossry to convey his cynical and despondent tone about the new evil, corrupt, and immoral era avocation World War I. Yeats begins the poem with an image of a widening squiggle or a vortex of spiraling motion. This image immediately implies the booby hatch and disorder in a society that is spiraling wider and wider out of promise and becoming more corrupt. Yeats elaborates on and supports this idea with Things fall apart the concentrate on cannot hold and Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world to further symbolize how the earth is collapsing with confusion and the absence of principles. Yeats also implies the danger and disaster to come with an image of a falcon who cannot hear the falconer to further illustrate irresolution and danger that humanity is facing. This image also suggests that similar to the falcon that is debauched around in a widening gyre, society has wandered too f arthermost away from its morals and is doomed with curruption. Yeats continues his cynical tone with everywhere the observation of innocenc...

A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users L

With statelessness levels rapidly increase in the UK (Fitzpatrick et al., 2012), the necessity for a study analysing the spatial needs of homeless individuals who suffer from drug ill-usage and are housed in hostels/night shelters was paramount. The lying-in of the critical appraisal is to firstly, summarise the research article A soft Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users Living in Hostels and Night Shelters (2013), discuss the methodology presented passim it and further examine if whether it was permit for the topic. Towards the end, the research findings will be discussed and an assessment of whether the article is beneficial for the admit sector or not, will be provided, along with any come-at-able recommendations.The subject matter of the aforementioned journal article is an exploration of a sub-category of homeless individuals, namely drug users homeless. The correlation between homelessness and drug abuse and the vicious impact that each issues has on the other one, is sought throughout the article, reinforcing the need to tackle each one separately in separate to reach an effective end result. After defining terms much(prenominal) as homelessness, drug use and night shelters, it continues to present a seven-fold compartmentalisation of spatial needs that seem to not be met entirely by homeless accommodation providers. It argues that, according to Fitzpatrick and LaGory (2000), every individual requires a gumption of privacy, safety, individualised space and reasonable human interaction in line of battle to maintain a healthy life and follows to provide definitions for the concepts of privacy and personal space. After presenting the layout of the article, it proceeds to discuss the methods applied for its research analysis and introdu... ...Greg Guest, Emily E. Namey, Marilyn L. Mitchell (2013) pile up soft Data, A Field Manual for Applied Research, sage-green PublicationsGiven, L.M. (2008) The Sage Encyclopedia of Qual itative Research Methods. Sage Publications Markle, D. T., Richard E. West & Peter J. Rich, Markle, D. doubting Thomas West, Richard E. & Rich, Peter J. (2011). Beyond Transcription Technology, Change, and Refinement of Method 49 paragraphs. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum Qualitative Social Research, 12(3), Art. 21, Wholey, J.S., Hatry H.P., Newcomer K.E. (eds.) (2004) Handbook of Practical course of instruction Evaluation , 2nd Edition. San Francisco Jossey- BassPatton, M.K (2002) Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, tertiary Edition. Sage Publications.Maslow, A. H., A theory of human motivation Psychological Review, 50(4), Jul 1943, pp. 370-396. inside 10.1037/h0054346

Roe v Wade Essay -- Abortion History Illegal Legal Pregnancy Essays

Roe v. wadeHave you ever wondered how spontaneous abortion came to be legal? It was decided in the authoritative Court eluding of Roe v. Wade. The 1973 Roe v. Wade decision was a major termination in not only the abortion issue, but also in American government.In 1970, Norma McCorvey, a single and pregnant woman in Texas wanted to get an abortion. The take out laws of Texas at that time stated that it was misbranded to have an abortion in Texas. Even though the state told her that she could go to one of the four states in which abortion was legal to have the process done, she decided that she could not afford to travel to another state to sop up the procedure. Norma McCorvey decided that she would sue the state of Texas, claiming that her constitutional rights were being taken from her. She thence changed her name to the pseudonym Jane Roe to protect her right of privacy. The district royal court found that Roe did have grounds to file the suit against the state of Texas. Th ey ruled on the grounds that the abortion laws in Texas infringed on the first, fourth, fifth, ninth, and ordinal amendments of the constitution. The first amendment states that, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances (http//www.house.gov/Constitution/Amend.html). The fourth amendment states that, The right of the people to be substantial in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon presumable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (http//www.house.gov/Constitution/Amend.html). The Fifth Amendment states that, No person shall be held to answer for a capit al, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or universe danger nor shall any person be subject for the same disrespect to be twice put in jeopardy of intent or limb nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,... ...them to a bigger risk of being pressured into an thrown-away(prenominal) abortion. Many women are pressured from their male partner, physicians, parents, or others. 2. The question, When does life begin? was an unrequited question in 1973. Now there are answers that say that life begins at conception. 3. People need to protect unwanted children after they are born. Women should no longer be forced to dispose of unwanted children by ending human life.Whether you believe in legalized abortion or not, the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade has definitely changed the way most(prenominal) A merican women treat unwanted pregnancies. It will be interesting to ensure what changes may occur from the next Roe case.BibliographyIs Cerebral Palsy ever a Choice? Lifeissues.net. 2000. 31 July 2004. .Palmer, Gary. Roe V. Wade Exposed. 22 Jan. 2003. atomic number 13 Policy Institute. 31 July 2004. .Pavone, Frank. Interview. Interview with Dr. Philip Ney. 16 Jan. 2001. 31 July 2004. .Roe v. Wade. The case. 22 Jan. 1973. 12 July 2004. .Roe v. Wade Then and Now. Reproductiverights.org. Jan. 2003. 9 July 2004. .